[Libguestfs] [PATCH nbdkit 09/10] tests: Remove references to -U - when it is implicit

Saturday, 9 September 2023

diff --git a/tests/Makefile.am b/tests/Makefile.am
index e69893e0d..2b67e17d5 100644
--- a/tests/Makefile.am
+++ b/tests/Makefile.am
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ disk:
 	rm -rf disk.tmp $@ $@-t
 	mkdir disk.tmp
 	echo -n "hello,world" > disk.tmp/hello.txt
-	$(top_builddir)/nbdkit$(EXEEXT) -fv -U - linuxdisk disk.tmp size=100M \
+	$(top_builddir)/nbdkit$(EXEEXT) -fv linuxdisk disk.tmp size=100M \
 	    --run 'qemu-img convert $$nbd $@-t'
 	rm -rf disk.tmp
 	mv $@-t $@
diff --git a/plugins/rust/test-ramdisk.sh b/plugins/rust/test-ramdisk.sh
index 430ee5190..781461860 100755
--- a/plugins/rust/test-ramdisk.sh
+++ b/plugins/rust/test-ramdisk.sh
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ requires test -x $ramdisk
 requires_nbdinfo
 requires_nbdsh_uri
 
-nbdkit -fv -U - $ramdisk size=10M --run 'nbdinfo "$uri"'
-nbdkit -fv -U - $ramdisk size=10M \
+nbdkit -fv $ramdisk size=10M --run 'nbdinfo "$uri"'
+nbdkit -fv $ramdisk size=10M \
        --run '
     nbdsh -u "$uri" \
           -c "buf = b\"1234\"*1024" \
diff --git a/tests/test-S3.sh b/tests/test-S3.sh
index 047c931ca..5931ccec5 100755
--- a/tests/test-S3.sh
+++ b/tests/test-S3.sh
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ rm -f $file
 cleanup_fn rm -f $file
 
 # The fake module checks the parameters have these particular values.
-nbdkit -U - S3 \
+nbdkit S3 \
        access-key=TEST_ACCESS_KEY \
        secret-key=TEST_SECRET_KEY \
        session-token=TEST_SESSION_TOKEN \
diff --git a/tests/test-blkio.sh b/tests/test-blkio.sh
index 31896ad96..97c955245 100755
--- a/tests/test-blkio.sh
+++ b/tests/test-blkio.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ requires_nbdsh_uri
 requires test -f disk
 requires_linux_kernel_version 6.0
 
-nbdkit -U - -r blkio io_uring path=disk \
+nbdkit -r blkio io_uring path=disk \
        --run '
     nbdsh -u "$uri" \
           -c "import os" \
diff --git a/tests/test-block-size-constraints.sh b/tests/test-block-size-constraints.sh
index 692a918e9..a44d7e5fe 100755
--- a/tests/test-block-size-constraints.sh
+++ b/tests/test-block-size-constraints.sh
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ requires_nbdsh_uri
 
 # Create an nbdkit eval plugin which presents block size constraints.
 # Check the advertised block size constraints can be read.
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        block_size="echo 64K 128K 32M" \
        get_size="echo 0" \
        --run 'nbdsh \
diff --git a/tests/test-blocksize-default.sh b/tests/test-blocksize-default.sh
index c5df88bfb..fe6eafe5a 100755
--- a/tests/test-blocksize-default.sh
+++ b/tests/test-blocksize-default.sh
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ assert hb.pread(1024 * 1024 + 1, 1) == b"\0" * (1024 * 1024 +
1)
 ha.shutdown()
 hb.shutdown()
 '
-nbdkit -v -U - --filter=blocksize eval \
+nbdkit -v --filter=blocksize eval \
     open='echo $3' \
     get_size="echo $((2 * 1024 * 1024 - 1))" \
     block_size='case $2 in
diff --git a/tests/test-blocksize-error-policy.sh b/tests/test-blocksize-error-policy.sh
index 44e9fd5cc..d1c49a4e0 100755
--- a/tests/test-blocksize-error-policy.sh
+++ b/tests/test-blocksize-error-policy.sh
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ requires nbdsh -c 'print(h.get_strict_mode)'
 requires_nbdsh_uri
 requires dd iflag=count_bytes </dev/null
 
-nbdkit -v -U - eval \
+nbdkit -v eval \
        block_size="echo 512 4096 1M" \
        get_size="echo 64M" \
        pread=" dd if=/dev/zero count=\$3 iflag=count_bytes " \
diff --git a/tests/test-blocksize-extents.sh b/tests/test-blocksize-extents.sh
index 3fc452158..9b38a9ede 100755
--- a/tests/test-blocksize-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-blocksize-extents.sh
@@ -100,6 +100,6 @@ assert entries == [(1, 0), (1, 3)]
 '
 
 # Now run everything
-nbdkit -U - --filter=blocksize eval minblock=4k maxlen=32k \
+nbdkit --filter=blocksize eval minblock=4k maxlen=32k \
        get_size='echo 64k' pread='exit 1' extents="$exts" \
        --run 'nbdsh --base-allocation -u "$uri" -c
"$script"'
diff --git a/tests/test-blocksize-policy.sh b/tests/test-blocksize-policy.sh
index 0b4895bd1..046913f8c 100755
--- a/tests/test-blocksize-policy.sh
+++ b/tests/test-blocksize-policy.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ requires_nbdsh_uri
 # using some nbdsh.
 
 # No parameters.
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        block_size="echo 64K 128K 32M" \
        get_size="echo 0" \
        --filter=blocksize-policy \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ nbdkit -U - eval \
       '
 
 # Adjust single values.
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        block_size="echo 64K 128K 32M" \
        get_size="echo 0" \
        --filter=blocksize-policy \
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ nbdkit -U - eval \
            -c "assert h.get_block_size(nbd.SIZE_PREFERRED) == 128 * 1024" \
            -c "assert h.get_block_size(nbd.SIZE_MAXIMUM) == 32 * 1024 * 1024"
\
       '
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        block_size="echo 64K 128K 32M" \
        get_size="echo 0" \
        --filter=blocksize-policy \
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ nbdkit -U - eval \
            -c "assert h.get_block_size(nbd.SIZE_PREFERRED) == 64 * 1024" \
            -c "assert h.get_block_size(nbd.SIZE_MAXIMUM) == 32 * 1024 * 1024"
\
       '
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        block_size="echo 64K 128K 32M" \
        get_size="echo 0" \
        --filter=blocksize-policy \
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ nbdkit -U - eval \
       '
 
 # Adjust all values for a plugin which is advertising.
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        block_size="echo 64K 128K 32M" \
        get_size="echo 0" \
        --filter=blocksize-policy \
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ nbdkit -U - eval \
       '
 
 # Set all values for a plugin which is not advertising.
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        get_size="echo 0" \
        --filter=blocksize-policy \
        blocksize-minimum=1 \
diff --git a/tests/test-blocksize-sharding.sh b/tests/test-blocksize-sharding.sh
index e3251e70b..7e926ad14 100755
--- a/tests/test-blocksize-sharding.sh
+++ b/tests/test-blocksize-sharding.sh
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ assert t >= 8
 # Now run everything
 $TRUNCATE -s 16 blocksize-sharding.img
 export witness="$PWD/blocksize-sharding.tmp"
-nbdkit -U - --filter=blocksize --filter=delay eval delay-write=2 \
+nbdkit --filter=blocksize --filter=delay eval delay-write=2 \
     config='ln -sf "$(realpath "$3")" $tmpdir/$2' \
     img="$PWD/blocksize-sharding.img"
tmp="$PWD/blocksize-sharding.tmp" \
     get_size='echo 16' block_size='echo 16 64K 1M' \
diff --git a/tests/test-blocksize-write-disconnect.sh
b/tests/test-blocksize-write-disconnect.sh
index ff8991fab..04a2be996 100755
--- a/tests/test-blocksize-write-disconnect.sh
+++ b/tests/test-blocksize-write-disconnect.sh
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ requires dd iflag=count_bytes </dev/null
 # 32M+1 to 64M kill the connection (ENOTCONN visible to client), and
 # 64M+1 and above fails with ERANGE in libnbd.
 
-nbdkit -v -U - eval \
+nbdkit -v eval \
        block_size="echo 2 4096 16M" \
        get_size="echo 64M" \
        pread=' dd if=/dev/zero count=$3 iflag=count_bytes ' \
diff --git a/tests/test-captive-tls.sh b/tests/test-captive-tls.sh
index 5787e7248..3deb2f6be 100755
--- a/tests/test-captive-tls.sh
+++ b/tests/test-captive-tls.sh
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 rm -f $out
 
 LANG=C \
-nbdkit -U - --tls=require --tls-certificates="$pkidir" \
+nbdkit --tls=require --tls-certificates="$pkidir" \
        -D nbdkit.tls.session=1 \
        null \
        --run '[ "x$tls" = "x2" ] && nbdinfo
"$uri"' > $out
diff --git a/tests/test-captive.sh b/tests/test-captive.sh
index 6421892d0..0a886229d 100755
--- a/tests/test-captive.sh
+++ b/tests/test-captive.sh
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fi
 
 # Check that a failed --run process affects exit status
 status=0
-nbdkit -U - example1 --run 'exit 2' > captive.out || status=$?
+nbdkit example1 --run 'exit 2' > captive.out || status=$?
 if test $status != 2; then
     echo "$0: unexpected exit status $status"
     fail=1
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fi
 
 # Check that nbdkit death from unhandled signal affects exit status.
 status=0
-nbdkit -U - -P captive.pid example1 --run '
+nbdkit -P captive.pid example1 --run '
     for i in {1..60}; do
         if test -s captive.pid; then break; fi
         sleep 1
diff --git a/tests/test-cc-cpp.sh b/tests/test-cc-cpp.sh
index c5751dcf9..ebbdab31d 100755
--- a/tests/test-cc-cpp.sh
+++ b/tests/test-cc-cpp.sh
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ out=test-cc-cpp.out
 cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 rm -f $out
 
-nbdkit -U - cc $script \
+nbdkit cc $script \
        CC="$CXX" \
        EXTRA_CFLAGS="-I$abs_top_srcdir/include" \
        --run 'nbdinfo --size $uri' > $out
diff --git a/tests/test-cc-ocaml.sh b/tests/test-cc-ocaml.sh
index c17d0c23c..68972fce0 100755
--- a/tests/test-cc-ocaml.sh
+++ b/tests/test-cc-ocaml.sh
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ out=test-cc-ocaml.out
 cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 rm -f $out
 
-nbdkit -v -U - cc $script a=1 b=2 c=3 d=4 \
+nbdkit -v cc $script a=1 b=2 c=3 d=4 \
        CC="$OCAMLOPT" CFLAGS="-output-obj -runtime-variant _pic -I
$abs_top_srcdir/plugins/ocaml $OCAML_PLUGIN_LIBRARIES NBDKit.cmx -cclib
-L../plugins/ocaml/.libs -cclib -lnbdkitocaml" \
        --run 'nbdinfo --size $uri' > $out
 test "$(cat $out)" -eq $((512 * 2048))
diff --git a/tests/test-cc.sh b/tests/test-cc.sh
index f4f5644b7..2646704be 100755
--- a/tests/test-cc.sh
+++ b/tests/test-cc.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ out=test-cc.out
 cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 rm -f $out
 
-nbdkit -U - cc $script \
+nbdkit cc $script \
        EXTRA_CFLAGS="-I$abs_top_srcdir/include" \
        --run 'nbdinfo --size $uri' > $out
 test "$(cat $out)" -eq $((100 * 1024 * 1024))
diff --git a/tests/test-checkwrite-bounds.sh b/tests/test-checkwrite-bounds.sh
index 1f4d28740..9ad93b3fe 100755
--- a/tests/test-checkwrite-bounds.sh
+++ b/tests/test-checkwrite-bounds.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ requires nbdsh --version
 requires_nbdsh_uri
 requires dd iflag=count_bytes </dev/null
 
-nbdkit -U - sh - --filter=checkwrite <<'EOF' \
+nbdkit sh - --filter=checkwrite <<'EOF' \
        --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "h.zero (655360, 262144,
0)"'
 case "$1" in
   get_size) echo 1048576 ;;
diff --git a/tests/test-checkwrite.sh b/tests/test-checkwrite.sh
index 8b1219dd9..7c5cb35ee 100755
--- a/tests/test-checkwrite.sh
+++ b/tests/test-checkwrite.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ requires_libnbd_version 1.5.9
 
 do_test ()
 {
-    nbdkit -U - -v --filter=checkwrite "$@" --run 'nbdcopy "$uri"
"$uri"'
+    nbdkit -v --filter=checkwrite "$@" --run 'nbdcopy "$uri"
"$uri"'
 }
 
 # Tests zero-sized disk.
diff --git a/tests/test-cow-block-size.sh b/tests/test-cow-block-size.sh
index e6852d8d6..a10757388 100755
--- a/tests/test-cow-block-size.sh
+++ b/tests/test-cow-block-size.sh
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 rm -rf cow-block-size.d
 mkdir cow-block-size.d
 cleanup_fn rm -rf cow-block-size.d
-nbdkit -fv -U - linuxdisk cow-block-size.d size=100M \
+nbdkit -fv linuxdisk cow-block-size.d size=100M \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" cow-block-size-base.img'
 lastmod="$($STAT -c "%y" cow-block-size-base.img)"
 
diff --git a/tests/test-cow-extents-large.sh b/tests/test-cow-extents-large.sh
index 3c0e50ee1..3db835978 100755
--- a/tests/test-cow-extents-large.sh
+++ b/tests/test-cow-extents-large.sh
@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ if ! nbdinfo --help | grep -- --map ; then
 fi
 
 for size in 0 3G 4G 5G 8G; do
-    nbdkit -U - sparse-random $size --filter=cow --run 'nbdinfo --map $uri'
+    nbdkit sparse-random $size --filter=cow --run 'nbdinfo --map $uri'
 done
diff --git a/tests/test-cow-null.sh b/tests/test-cow-null.sh
index 9a06ff81d..0de144d75 100755
--- a/tests/test-cow-null.sh
+++ b/tests/test-cow-null.sh
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ set -x
 requires_run
 requires_nbdinfo
 
-nbdkit -fv -U - --filter=cow null --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'
+nbdkit -fv --filter=cow null --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'
diff --git a/tests/test-cow.sh b/tests/test-cow.sh
index 5b137ff4d..700ad8f1a 100755
--- a/tests/test-cow.sh
+++ b/tests/test-cow.sh
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 rm -rf cow.d
 mkdir cow.d
 cleanup_fn rm -rf cow.d
-nbdkit -fv -U - linuxdisk cow.d size=100M \
+nbdkit -fv linuxdisk cow.d size=100M \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" cow-base.img'
 lastmod="$($STAT -c "%y" cow-base.img)"
 
diff --git a/tests/test-curl-file.sh b/tests/test-curl-file.sh
index 0269768ed..c87b00388 100755
--- a/tests/test-curl-file.sh
+++ b/tests/test-curl-file.sh
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ for opt in \
     user=alice \
     user-agent="Mozilla/1"
 do
-    nbdkit -fv -D curl.verbose=1 -U - \
+    nbdkit -fv -D curl.verbose=1 \
            curl file:$PWD/disk protocols=file "$opt" \
            --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'
 done
diff --git a/tests/test-curl-header-script-fail.sh
b/tests/test-curl-header-script-fail.sh
index 1bd5f3dba..cf9614f96 100755
--- a/tests/test-curl-header-script-fail.sh
+++ b/tests/test-curl-header-script-fail.sh
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ rm -f $errors
 cleanup_fn rm -f $errors
 
 # This command is expected to fail.
-nbdkit -rfv -U - \
+nbdkit -rfv \
        curl file:$PWD/disk protocols=file \
        header-script=$PWD/test-curl-header-script-fail.script \
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content $uri' >$errors 2>&1 ||:
diff --git a/tests/test-data-bad.sh b/tests/test-data-bad.sh
index 5194cfe9f..f327578e0 100755
--- a/tests/test-data-bad.sh
+++ b/tests/test-data-bad.sh
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ bad ()
     data="$1"
 
     # This command is expected to fail.
-    if nbdkit -U - -fv -D data.AST=1 data "$data" --run true; then
+    if nbdkit -fv -D data.AST=1 data "$data" --run true; then
         echo "$0: data plugin was expected to fail on bad input: $data"
         exit 1
     fi
diff --git a/tests/test-data-extents.sh b/tests/test-data-extents.sh
index 56c70b6ab..b7e681315 100755
--- a/tests/test-data-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-data-extents.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 do_test ()
 {
     # We use jq to normalize the output and convert it to plain text.
-    nbdkit -U - data "$1" size="$2" \
+    nbdkit data "$1" size="$2" \
            --run 'qemu-img map -f raw --output=json $nbd' |
         jq -c '.[] | {start:.start, length:.length, data:.data, zero:.zero}' \
...
 $out diff --git a/tests/test-data-format.sh
b/tests/test-data-format.sh
index 8bec76492..59f2b102b 100755
--- a/tests/test-data-format.sh
+++ b/tests/test-data-format.sh
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ do_test ()
     shift 2
 
     for allocator in $allocators; do
-        nbdkit -U - -v -D data.AST=1 \
+        nbdkit -v -D data.AST=1 \
                data "$data" \
                allocator=$allocator "$@" \
                --run '
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ unset b
 unset c
 
 # Unknown variable should fail.
-if nbdkit -U - data ' $a $b $c ' --run 'exit 0'; then
+if nbdkit data ' $a $b $c ' --run 'exit 0'; then
     echo "$0: expected unknown variables to fail"
     exit 1
 fi
@@ -323,13 +323,13 @@ do_test ' $a $b $c '
'b"\1\2\3\4\5\5\5\5\5"' \
         a=' 1 2 ' b=' 3 4 ' c=' $d*5 ' d=' 5 '
 
 # Badly formatted variable should fail.
-if nbdkit -U - data ' $a ' a='NONSENSE' --run 'exit 0'; then
+if nbdkit data ' $a ' a='NONSENSE' --run 'exit 0'; then
     echo "$0: expected unknown variables to fail"
     exit 1
 fi
 
 # Using an extra parameter without data= should fail.
-if nbdkit -U - data raw='' a='NONSENSE' --run 'exit 0'; then
+if nbdkit data raw='' a='NONSENSE' --run 'exit 0'; then
     echo "$0: expected extra params to fail with !data"
     exit 1
 fi
diff --git a/tests/test-data-optimum.sh b/tests/test-data-optimum.sh
index 865c5bc8a..cbb0bd98e 100755
--- a/tests/test-data-optimum.sh
+++ b/tests/test-data-optimum.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ do_test ()
     data="$1"
     expected_AST="$2"
 
-    nbdkit -U - -fv -D data.AST=1 data "$data" --run true >$log 2>&1
+    nbdkit -fv -D data.AST=1 data "$data" --run true >$log 2>&1
 
     # Collect up all lines of debug output containing the AST
     # and concatenate them into a single string.
diff --git a/tests/test-data-partition.sh b/tests/test-data-partition.sh
index 99a8fdfbb..c38d008d2 100755
--- a/tests/test-data-partition.sh
+++ b/tests/test-data-partition.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ out=data-partition.out
 rm -f $out
 cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=partition data partition=1 size=1M '
+nbdkit --filter=partition data partition=1 size=1M '
   @0x1be    # MBR first partition entry
     0           # Partition status
     0 2 0       # CHS start
diff --git a/tests/test-data-raw-copy.sh b/tests/test-data-raw-copy.sh
index c81257122..6903c8ec9 100755
--- a/tests/test-data-raw-copy.sh
+++ b/tests/test-data-raw-copy.sh
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ out=test-data-raw-copy.out
 cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 rm -f $out
 
-nbdkit -U - data raw='Hello, world!' --run \
+nbdkit data raw='Hello, world!' --run \
        'nbdcopy "$uri" -' > $out
 
 if [ "$(cat $out)" != 'Hello, world!' ]; then
diff --git a/tests/test-data-reloffset.sh b/tests/test-data-reloffset.sh
index 2782d48c6..12e1f4d0c 100755
--- a/tests/test-data-reloffset.sh
+++ b/tests/test-data-reloffset.sh
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 
 # A series of relative offset moves should result in a
 # final disk size we can check.
-nbdkit -v -U - data '@+10 @-5 @-4 @+20' --run 'nbdinfo --size
"$uri"' > $out
+nbdkit -v data '@+10 @-5 @-4 @+20' --run 'nbdinfo --size
"$uri"' > $out
 test "$(cat $out)" -eq 21
 
 # Trying to move negative should be an error.
-if nbdkit -v -U - data '@+10 @-11' --run 'exit 0' ; then
+if nbdkit -v data '@+10 @-11' --run 'exit 0' ; then
     echo "$0: expected error"
     exit 1
 fi
diff --git a/tests/test-data-size.sh b/tests/test-data-size.sh
index 285ba6cff..7a6bd712b 100755
--- a/tests/test-data-size.sh
+++ b/tests/test-data-size.sh
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ size ()
     expected_size="$2"
 
     size="$(
-      nbdkit -U - -fv -D data.AST=1 data "$data" --run 'nbdinfo --size
"$uri"'
+      nbdkit -fv -D data.AST=1 data "$data" --run 'nbdinfo --size
"$uri"'
     )"
     if [ "$size" -ne "$expected_size" ]; then
         echo "$0: data has unexpected size: $data"
diff --git a/tests/test-debug-flags.sh b/tests/test-debug-flags.sh
index 51358f360..4ae8cd4f8 100755
--- a/tests/test-debug-flags.sh
+++ b/tests/test-debug-flags.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
 # This should work and show the "extra debugging" line in debug output.
-nbdkit -U - -f -v -D example2.extra=1 example2 file=disk \
+nbdkit -f -v -D example2.extra=1 example2 file=disk \
        --run 'nbdinfo "$uri"' 2>debug-flags.out
 cat debug-flags.out
 if ! grep -sq 'extra debugging:' debug-flags.out ; then
@@ -83,33 +83,33 @@ check_warning ()
 
 # This is expected to fail because we didn't set the file= parameter,
 # but it should not fail because of the debug flag.
-nbdkit -U - -f -D example2.extra=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out &&
expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D example2.extra=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "you must supply the file="
 
 # This should fail because we didn't set the file= parameter, but it
 # should also print a warning about the unknown -D flag.
-nbdkit -U - -f -D example2.unknown=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out &&
expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D example2.unknown=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out &&
expected_failure
 check_error "you must supply the file="
 check_warning "does not contain a global variable called
example2_debug_unknown"
 
 # This should fail because we didn't set the file= parameter, but it
 # should also print a warning because the -D flag is unused.
-nbdkit -U - -f -D example1.foo=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out &&
expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D example1.foo=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "you must supply the file="
 check_warning "was not used"
 
 # These should fail because the -D flag has a bad format.
-nbdkit -U - -f -D = example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D = example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "must have the format"
-nbdkit -U - -f -D . example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D . example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "must have the format"
-nbdkit -U - -f -D =. example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D =. example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "must have the format"
-nbdkit -U - -f -D .= example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D .= example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "must have the format"
-nbdkit -U - -f -D .extra=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D .extra=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "must have the format"
-nbdkit -U - -f -D example2.=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D example2.=1 example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "must have the format"
-nbdkit -U - -f -D example2.extra= example2 2>debug-flags.out &&
expected_failure
+nbdkit -f -D example2.extra= example2 2>debug-flags.out && expected_failure
 check_error "must have the format"
diff --git a/tests/test-delay-close.sh b/tests/test-delay-close.sh
index a7a0e3695..0af03f8e1 100755
--- a/tests/test-delay-close.sh
+++ b/tests/test-delay-close.sh
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ requires_nbdsh_uri
 
 # Test delay-close with a well-behaved client.
 
-nbdkit -U - null --filter=delay delay-close=3 \
+nbdkit null --filter=delay delay-close=3 \
        --run '
 start_t=$(date +%s)
 nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "h.shutdown()"
diff --git a/tests/test-delay-open.sh b/tests/test-delay-open.sh
index a8933ce98..9d3bd4409 100755
--- a/tests/test-delay-open.sh
+++ b/tests/test-delay-open.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ requires_filter delay
 requires_nbdinfo
 
 start_t=$SECONDS
-nbdkit -U - null --filter=delay delay-open=3 --run 'nbdinfo "$uri"'
+nbdkit null --filter=delay delay-open=3 --run 'nbdinfo "$uri"'
 end_t=$SECONDS
 
 if [ $((end_t - start_t)) -lt 3 ]; then
diff --git a/tests/test-disk2data.sh b/tests/test-disk2data.sh
index 2644b9d1e..80b623599 100755
--- a/tests/test-disk2data.sh
+++ b/tests/test-disk2data.sh
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ hexdump -C $disk
 $disk2data $disk > $cmd
 
 # Modify the generated nbdkit command.
-$SED -i -e $'s/^nbdkit /nbdkit -U - --run \'nbdcopy "$uri" -\'
/' $cmd
+$SED -i -e $'s/^nbdkit /nbdkit --run \'nbdcopy "$uri" -\' /'
$cmd
 chmod +x $cmd
 cat $cmd
 
diff --git a/tests/test-eflags.sh b/tests/test-eflags.sh
index 4972c6260..ba74ef5ce 100755
--- a/tests/test-eflags.sh
+++ b/tests/test-eflags.sh
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ do_nbdkit ()
             else
                 touch $tmpdir/seen_$1
             fi
-            '; cat; } | nbdkit -v -U - "$@" sh - $late_args \
+            '; cat; } | nbdkit -v "$@" sh - $late_args \
         --run 'qemu-nbd --list -k $unixsocket' |
         grep -E "flags: 0x" | grep -Eoi '0x[a-f0-9]+' >eflags.out
2>eflags.err
     printf eflags=; cat eflags.out
diff --git a/tests/test-eval-cache.sh b/tests/test-eval-cache.sh
index fb3fc884a..555149ddd 100755
--- a/tests/test-eval-cache.sh
+++ b/tests/test-eval-cache.sh
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ buf = h.pread(64 * 1024 * 1024, 64 * 1024 * 1024)
 if hasattr(buf, "is_zero"):
     assert buf.is_zero()
 '
-nbdkit -U - -v eval \
+nbdkit -v eval \
     get_size='echo 128M' can_cache='echo emulate' open='touch
"$cache"' \
     pread='
       if test -f "$witness"; then
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ nbdkit -U - -v eval \
     ' --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "$script"'
 
 # This plugin provides .cache but not .can_cache; eval should synthesize one.
-nbdkit -U - -v eval \
+nbdkit -v eval \
     get_size='echo 1M' cache='exit 0' pread='echo EIO >&2;
exit 1' \
     --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "assert h.can_cache()" \
       -c "h.cache(1024*1024, 0)"'
diff --git a/tests/test-eval-exports.sh b/tests/test-eval-exports.sh
index acb04bc63..6294632cc 100755
--- a/tests/test-eval-exports.sh
+++ b/tests/test-eval-exports.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fail=0
 
 # Control case: no .list_exports, which defaults to advertising ""
 rm -f eval-exports.list
-nbdkit -U - -v eval \
+nbdkit -v eval \
     open='[ "$3" = "" ] || { echo EINVAL wrong export >&2;
exit 1; }' \
     get_size='echo 0' --run 'nbdinfo --list --json "$uri"' >
eval-exports.out
 cat eval-exports.out
@@ -95,12 +95,12 @@ except nbd.Error:
 nbdsh -u nbd+unix:///name\?socket=$sock -c 'quit()'
 
 # Setting .default_export but not .list_exports advertises the canonical name
-nbdkit -U - eval default_export='echo hello' get_size='echo 0' \
+nbdkit eval default_export='echo hello' get_size='echo 0' \
        --run 'nbdinfo --list "$uri"' >eval-exports.out
 diff -u <(grep '^export=' eval-exports.out) <(echo
'export="hello":')
 
 # Failing .default_export without .list_exports results in an empty list
-nbdkit -U - eval default_export='echo ENOENT >&2; exit 1'
get_size='echo 0' \
+nbdkit eval default_export='echo ENOENT >&2; exit 1' get_size='echo
0' \
        --run 'nbdinfo --list "$uri"' >eval-exports.out
 diff -u <(grep '^export=' eval-exports.out) /dev/null
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ echo $long >>eval-exports.list
 do_nbdkit $long "[[\"$long\",\"$long\",4097]]"
 
 # Invalid name (too long) causes an error response to NBD_OPT_LIST
-nbdkit -U - -v eval list_exports="echo 2$long" \
+nbdkit -v eval list_exports="echo 2$long" \
        get_size='echo 0' --run 'nbdinfo --list --json "$uri"'
&& fail=1
 
 exit $fail
diff --git a/tests/test-eval-file.sh b/tests/test-eval-file.sh
index ad787a88d..a1e415a72 100755
--- a/tests/test-eval-file.sh
+++ b/tests/test-eval-file.sh
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 cp disk eval-file.img
 
 export STAT
-nbdkit -fv -U - eval \
+nbdkit -fv eval \
        config='ln -sf "$(realpath "$3")" $tmpdir/file' \
        get_size='$STAT -Lc %s $tmpdir/file' \
        pread='dd if=$tmpdir/file skip=$4 count=$3 iflag=count_bytes,skip_bytes'
\
diff --git a/tests/test-eval.sh b/tests/test-eval.sh
index 6493ba61d..583d198e3 100755
--- a/tests/test-eval.sh
+++ b/tests/test-eval.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 # method really runs.  Otherwise there is a race where the connection
 # is dropped by nbdinfo, the --run command exits, a signal is sent to
 # nbdkit, and nbdkit shuts down before the .close callback is called.
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        get_size='echo 64M' \
        pread='dd if=/dev/zero count=$3 iflag=count_bytes' \
        missing='echo "in missing: $@" >> eval.missing; exit 2' \
diff --git a/tests/test-evil-cosmic.sh b/tests/test-evil-cosmic.sh
index 50619966e..71107ef89 100755
--- a/tests/test-evil-cosmic.sh
+++ b/tests/test-evil-cosmic.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $f
 # might be biased.
 
 export f
-nbdkit -U - null 10000000 \
+nbdkit null 10000000 \
        --filter=evil --filter=noextents \
        evil=cosmic-rays evil-probability=1/800000 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" $f'
diff --git a/tests/test-evil-large-p.sh b/tests/test-evil-large-p.sh
index e9a25b3fc..eee3c631d 100755
--- a/tests/test-evil-large-p.sh
+++ b/tests/test-evil-large-p.sh
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ requires_filter noextents
 requires_nbdcopy_null_output
 
 # This is the largest probability we support.
-nbdkit -U - -fv null 1M \
+nbdkit -fv null 1M \
        --filter=evil --filter=noextents evil-probability=1/8 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" null:'
 
 # Anything larger is treated as 100%.
-nbdkit -U - -fv null 1M \
+nbdkit -fv null 1M \
        --filter=evil --filter=noextents evil-probability=0.5 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" null:'
-nbdkit -U - -fv null 1M \
+nbdkit -fv null 1M \
        --filter=evil --filter=noextents evil-probability=1.0 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" null:'
diff --git a/tests/test-evil-small-p.sh b/tests/test-evil-small-p.sh
index 5f2956147..0c3c2b23f 100755
--- a/tests/test-evil-small-p.sh
+++ b/tests/test-evil-small-p.sh
@@ -43,16 +43,16 @@ requires_filter noextents
 requires_nbdcopy_null_output
 
 # Check absence of divide by zero errors.
-nbdkit -U - -fv null 1M \
+nbdkit -fv null 1M \
        --filter=evil --filter=noextents evil-probability=0 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" null:'
 
 # Smallest valid probability.
-nbdkit -U - -fv null 1M \
+nbdkit -fv null 1M \
        --filter=evil --filter=noextents evil-probability=1e-12 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" null:'
 
 # Should be treated same as P = 0.
-nbdkit -U - -fv null 1M \
+nbdkit -fv null 1M \
        --filter=evil --filter=noextents evil-probability=1e-13 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" null:'
diff --git a/tests/test-exportname.sh b/tests/test-exportname.sh
index 606a0e998..771ec7a12 100755
--- a/tests/test-exportname.sh
+++ b/tests/test-exportname.sh
@@ -72,54 +72,54 @@ EOF
 chmod +x exportname.sh
 
 # Establish a baseline
-nbdkit -U - sh exportname.sh \
+nbdkit sh exportname.sh \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" = \
     
'[["a","x",1],["b","y",2],["c","z",3]]'
 
 # Set the default export
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh default-export= \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh default-export= \
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content --json "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" =
'[["","1",1]]'
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh default-export=b \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh default-export=b \
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content --json "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" =
'[["b","2",2]]'
 
 # Test export list policies
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=keep \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=keep \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" = \
     
'[["a","x",1],["b","y",2],["c","z",3]]'
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=error \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=error \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
&& fail=1 || :
 test ! -s exportname.out
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=empty \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=empty \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" = '[]'
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=defaultonly \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=defaultonly \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 got="$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)"
 # libnbd 1.4.0 and 1.4.1 differ on whether --list grabs description
 test "$got" = '[["a",null,1]]' || test "$got" =
'[["a","1",1]]' || fail=1
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh default-export=b \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh default-export=b \
        exportname-list=defaultonly exportname=a exportname=b \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 got="$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)"
 test "$got" = '[["b",null,2]]' || test "$got" =
'[["b","2",2]]' || fail=1
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh \
        exportname-list=explicit exportname=b exportname=a \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
@@ -127,31 +127,31 @@ got="$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)"
 test "$got" = '[["a",null,1],["b",null,2]]' ||
     test "$got" =
'[["a","1",1],["b","2",2]]' || fail=1
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=explicit \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-list=explicit \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" = '[]'
 
 # Test description modes with lists
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportdesc=keep \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportdesc=keep \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" = \
     
'[["a","x",1],["b","y",2],["c","z",3]]'
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportdesc=none \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportdesc=none \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" = \
      '[["a",null,1],["b",null,2],["c",null,3]]'
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportdesc=fixed:hi \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportdesc=fixed:hi \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" = \
     
'[["a","hi",1],["b","hi",2],["c","hi",3]]'
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh \
        exportdesc=script:'echo $name$name' \
        --run 'nbdinfo --json --list "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
@@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" = \
     
'[["a","aa",1],["b","bb",2],["c","cc",3]]'
 
 # Test description modes with connections
-nbdkit -U - -e c --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportdesc=fixed:hi \
+nbdkit -e c --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportdesc=fixed:hi \
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content --json "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" =
'[["c","hi",3]]'
 
-nbdkit -U - -e c --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh \
+nbdkit -e c --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh \
        exportdesc=script:'echo $name$name' \
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content --json "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" =
'[["c","cc",3]]'
 
 # Test strict mode. Tolerate nbdinfo 1.6.2 which gave invalid JSON but 0 status
 st=0
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-strict=true \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-strict=true \
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content --json "$uri"' > exportname.out
|| st=$?
 cat exportname.out
 if test $? = 0; then
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ if test $? = 0; then
 fi
 
 st=0
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-strict=true \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-strict=true \
        exportname=a exportname=b exportname=c \
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content --json "$uri"' > exportname.out
|| st=$?
 cat exportname.out
@@ -188,13 +188,13 @@ if test $? = 0; then
     test -s exportname.out && jq -c "$query" exportname.out &&
fail=1
 fi
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-strict=true \
+nbdkit --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-strict=true \
        exportname=a exportname=b exportname= default-export=a\
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content --json "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
 test "$(jq -c "$query" exportname.out)" =
'[["a","1",1]]'
 
-nbdkit -U - -e a --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-strict=true \
+nbdkit -e a --filter=exportname sh exportname.sh exportname-strict=true \
        exportname=a exportname=b exportname=c \
        --run 'nbdinfo --no-content --json "$uri"' > exportname.out
 cat exportname.out
diff --git a/tests/test-extentlist.sh b/tests/test-extentlist.sh
index 2e5aa93be..ed0d81622 100755
--- a/tests/test-extentlist.sh
+++ b/tests/test-extentlist.sh
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm $files
 test ()
 {
     nbdkit -v -D extentlist.lookup=1 \
-           -r -U - \
+           -r \
            --filter=extentlist \
            null size=$1 extentlist=$input \
            --run 'qemu-img map -f raw --output=json $nbd' |
diff --git a/tests/test-file-dir.sh b/tests/test-file-dir.sh
index 98a5e77e1..39be82d4e 100755
--- a/tests/test-file-dir.sh
+++ b/tests/test-file-dir.sh
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ do_nbdkit_list ()
 	sort=
 	shift
     fi
-    nbdkit -U - -v file directory=file-dir \
+    nbdkit -v file directory=file-dir \
         --run 'nbdinfo --list --json "$uri"' >file-dir.out
     cat file-dir.out
     diff -u <(jq -c '[.exports[]."export-name"]'"$sort"
file-dir.out) \
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ except nbd.Error:
 # Check that attempting to connect to export NAME fails
 do_nbdkit_fail ()
 {
-    nbdkit -U - -v -e "$1" file dir=file-dir \
+    nbdkit -v -e "$1" file dir=file-dir \
         --run 'export uri; nbdsh -c "$nbdsh_connect_fail_script"' ||
fail=1
 }
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ do_nbdkit_fail ()
 # Check that export NAME serves DATA as its first byte
 do_nbdkit_pass ()
 {
-    out=$(nbdkit -U - -v -e "$1" file dir=file-dir \
+    out=$(nbdkit -v -e "$1" file dir=file-dir \
         --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "print(h.pread(1,
0).decode(\"utf-8\"))"')
     test "$out" = "$2" || fail=1
 }
diff --git a/tests/test-file-extents.sh b/tests/test-file-extents.sh
index e3900b0a7..ec29717f6 100755
--- a/tests/test-file-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-file-extents.sh
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ qemu-img map -f raw --output=json disk > test-file-extents.tmp
 cat test-file-extents.tmp
 jq -c '.[] | {start:.start, length:.length, data:.data, zero:.zero}' \
   < test-file-extents.tmp > test-file-extents.local
-nbdkit -U - file disk --run 'qemu-img map -f raw --output=json $nbd' \
+nbdkit file disk --run 'qemu-img map -f raw --output=json $nbd' \
...
 test-file-extents.tmp  cat test-file-extents.tmp
 jq -c '.[] | {start:.start, length:.length, data:.data, zero:.zero}' \
diff --git a/tests/test-ip-filter-anyunix.sh b/tests/test-ip-filter-anyunix.sh
index 9b94dc969..b0926421c 100755
--- a/tests/test-ip-filter-anyunix.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ip-filter-anyunix.sh
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ if is_windows; then
     exit 77
 fi
 
-nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null allow=anyunix deny=all \
+nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null allow=anyunix deny=all \
        --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'
 
 # This is expected to fail.
-if nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null deny=anyunix \
+if nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null deny=anyunix \
           --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'; then
     echo "$0: expected test to fail"
     exit 1
diff --git a/tests/test-ip-filter-gid.sh b/tests/test-ip-filter-gid.sh
index 8d9ee1eb0..326ed396e 100755
--- a/tests/test-ip-filter-gid.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ip-filter-gid.sh
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ if is_windows; then
     exit 77
 fi
 
-nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null allow=gid:`id -g` deny=all \
+nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null allow=gid:`id -g` deny=all \
        --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'
 
 # This is expected to fail.
-if nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null deny=gid:`id -g` \
+if nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null deny=gid:`id -g` \
           --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'; then
     echo "$0: expected test to fail"
     exit 1
diff --git a/tests/test-ip-filter-pid.sh b/tests/test-ip-filter-pid.sh
index c97d04ded..957846450 100755
--- a/tests/test-ip-filter-pid.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ip-filter-pid.sh
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ requires_linux_kernel_version 2.6
 
 # This is expected to fail because the shell ($$) is not connecting to
 # the server.
-if nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null allow=pid:$$ deny=all \
+if nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null allow=pid:$$ deny=all \
           --run 'nbdinfo --size "$uri"'; then
     echo "$0: expected test to fail"
     exit 1
 fi
 
 # This is expected to work because we can deny the shell.
-nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null deny=pid:$$ \
+nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null deny=pid:$$ \
        --run 'nbdinfo --size "$uri"'
 
 # This is a better test using nbdsh and passing the PID of nbdsh
diff --git a/tests/test-ip-filter-security.sh b/tests/test-ip-filter-security.sh
index 8fa360f81..4600b984a 100755
--- a/tests/test-ip-filter-security.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ip-filter-security.sh
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ requires_run
 requires selinuxenabled
 
 # This is expected to succeed.
-nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null \
+nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null \
        deny=security:notalabel \
        --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'
 
 # This is expected to fail.
-if nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null \
+if nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null \
           allow=security:notalabel deny=all \
           --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'; then
     echo "$0: expected test to fail"
diff --git a/tests/test-ip-filter-uid.sh b/tests/test-ip-filter-uid.sh
index b942345a5..625d20919 100755
--- a/tests/test-ip-filter-uid.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ip-filter-uid.sh
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ if is_windows; then
     exit 77
 fi
 
-nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null allow=uid:`id -u` deny=all \
+nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null allow=uid:`id -u` deny=all \
        --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'
 
 # This is expected to fail.
-if nbdkit -U - -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null deny=uid:`id -u` \
+if nbdkit -v -D ip.rules=1 --filter=ip null deny=uid:`id -u` \
           --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'; then
     echo "$0: expected test to fail"
     exit 1
diff --git a/tests/test-linuxdisk-copy-out.sh b/tests/test-linuxdisk-copy-out.sh
index 492b6d069..8c2f44bad 100755
--- a/tests/test-linuxdisk-copy-out.sh
+++ b/tests/test-linuxdisk-copy-out.sh
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ files="linuxdisk-copy-out.img
 rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
-nbdkit -f -v -U - \
+nbdkit -f -v \
        --filter=partition \
        linuxdisk $srcdir/../plugins/linuxdisk partition=1 label=ROOT \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" linuxdisk-copy-out.img'
diff --git a/tests/test-log-script-info.sh b/tests/test-log-script-info.sh
index 3baccb7e6..fa9b2ed32 100755
--- a/tests/test-log-script-info.sh
+++ b/tests/test-log-script-info.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ log=log-script-info.log
 cleanup_fn rm -f $log
 rm -f $log
 
-nbdkit -U - --filter=log data "@32768 1" size=64K \
+nbdkit --filter=log data "@32768 1" size=64K \
        logscript='
            if [ "$act" = "Extents" -a "$type" =
"LEAVE" ]; then
                echo $act $type >>log-script-info.log
diff --git a/tests/test-long-name.sh b/tests/test-long-name.sh
index d5b573c88..40f4ab9da 100755
--- a/tests/test-long-name.sh
+++ b/tests/test-long-name.sh
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ name4k=$name1k$name1k$name1k$name1k
 almost4k=${name4k%8$name16}
 
 # Test that $exportname and $uri reflect the name
-out=$(nbdkit -U - -e $name4k null --run 'echo $exportname')
+out=$(nbdkit -e $name4k null --run 'echo $exportname')
 if test "$name4k" != "$out"; then
     echo "$0: \$exportname contains wrong contents" >&2
     fail=1
 fi
-out=$(nbdkit -U - -e $name4k null --run 'echo "$uri"')
+out=$(nbdkit -e $name4k null --run 'echo "$uri"')
 case $out in
     nbd+unix:///$name4k\?socket=*) ;;
     *) echo "$0: \$uri contains wrong contents" >&2
@@ -71,24 +71,24 @@ case $out in
 esac
 
 # Use largest possible export name, then oversize, with NBD_OPT_EXPORT_NAME.
-nbdkit -U - --mask-handshake=0 null --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw -c quit \
+nbdkit --mask-handshake=0 null --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw -c quit \
   nbd+unix:///'$name4k'\?socket=$unixsocket' || fail=1
 # qemu 4.1 did not length check, letting it send an invalid NBD client
 # request which nbdkit must filter out. Later qemu might refuse to
 # send the request (like libnbd does), at which point this is no longer
 # testing nbdkit proper, so we may remove it later:
-nbdkit -U - --mask-handshake=0 null --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw -c quit \
+nbdkit --mask-handshake=0 null --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw -c quit \
   nbd+unix:///'a$name4k'\?socket=$unixsocket' && fail=1
 
 # Repeat with NBD_OPT_GO.
-nbdkit -U - null --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw -c quit \
+nbdkit null --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw -c quit \
   nbd+unix:///'$name4k'\?socket=$unixsocket' || fail=1
 # See above comment about whether this is testing nbdkit or qemu:
-nbdkit -U - null --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw -c quit \
+nbdkit null --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw -c quit \
   nbd+unix:///'a$name4k'\?socket=$unixsocket' && fail=1
 
 # Use nbdsh to provoke an extremely large NBD_OPT_SET_META_CONTEXT.
-nbdkit -U - -e $almost4k null --run 'export exportname uri
+nbdkit -e $almost4k null --run 'export exportname uri
 nbdsh -c - <<\EOF
 import os
 long = os.environ["exportname"]
diff --git a/tests/test-luks-copy-zero.sh b/tests/test-luks-copy-zero.sh
index c8b5acfc9..9a1c9a9ee 100755
--- a/tests/test-luks-copy-zero.sh
+++ b/tests/test-luks-copy-zero.sh
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ $TRUNCATE -s 100M $zero_disk
 
 # Using nbdkit-luks-filter, write the zero disk into the encrypted
 # disk.  nbdcopy will do this using NBD_CMD_ZERO operations.
-nbdkit -U - -fv \
+nbdkit -fv \
        file $encrypt_disk --filter=luks passphrase=123456 \
        --run "nbdcopy -C 1 $zero_disk \$nbd"
 
diff --git a/tests/test-luks-info.sh b/tests/test-luks-info.sh
index 7827cdc7a..fe27f0a84 100755
--- a/tests/test-luks-info.sh
+++ b/tests/test-luks-info.sh
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ qemu-img create -f luks \
          -o key-secret=sec0 \
          $disk 1M
 
-nbdkit -U - file $disk --filter=luks passphrase=123456 \
+nbdkit file $disk --filter=luks passphrase=123456 \
        --run 'nbdinfo $uri' > $info
 cat $info
 
diff --git a/tests/test-multi-conn-name.sh b/tests/test-multi-conn-name.sh
index c3657d482..6a180db72 100755
--- a/tests/test-multi-conn-name.sh
+++ b/tests/test-multi-conn-name.sh
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ print(bytes(h["b1"].pread(1, 0)))
 '
 
 # Without the knob we flush all exports
-nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
+nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
   --run 'export uri; nbdsh -c "$script"' > test-multi-conn-name.out
|| fail=1
 diff -u <(cat <<\EOF
 b'A'
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ b'B'
 EOF
          ) test-multi-conn-name.out || fail=1
 # But with the knob, our flush is specific to the correct export
-nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
+nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
   multi-conn-exportname=true \
   --run 'export uri; nbdsh -c "$script"' > test-multi-conn-name.out
|| fail=1
 diff -u <(cat <<\EOF
diff --git a/tests/test-multi-conn.sh b/tests/test-multi-conn.sh
index 6ce863dfe..3383cd246 100755
--- a/tests/test-multi-conn.sh
+++ b/tests/test-multi-conn.sh
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ print(h[0].can_multi_conn())
 
 # Demonstrate the caching present without use of filter
 for filter in '' '--filter=multi-conn multi-conn-mode=plugin'; do
-  nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh $filter \
+  nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh $filter \
     --run 'handles=4 nbdsh -c "$preamble" -c "
 # Without flush, reads cache, and writes do not affect persistent data
 print(bytes(h[0].pread(4, 0)))
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ done
 
 # Demonstrate specifics of FUA flag
 for filter in '' '--filter=multi-conn multi-conn-mode=plugin'; do
-  nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh $filter \
+  nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh $filter \
     --run 'nbdsh -c "$preamble" -c "
 # Some servers let FUA flush all outstanding requests
 h[0].pwrite(b'\''hello '\'', 0)
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ EOF
            ) test-multi-conn.out || fail=1
 done
 for filter in '' '--filter=multi-conn multi-conn-mode=plugin'; do
-  nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh strictfua=1 $filter \
+  nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh strictfua=1 $filter \
     --run 'nbdsh -c "$preamble" -c "
 # But it is also compliant for a server that only flushes the exact request
 h[0].pwrite(b'\''hello '\'', 0)
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ done
 # mode is also able to supply multi-conn by a different technique.
 for filter in '--filter=multi-conn' 'strictfua=1 --filter=multi-conn' \
               '--filter=multi-conn multi-conn-mode=plugin --filter=cache' ; do
-  nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh $filter \
+  nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh $filter \
     --run 'nbdsh -c "$preamble" -c "
 # FUA writes are immediately visible on all connections
 h[0].cache(12, 0)
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ EOF
 done
 
 # unsafe mode intentionally lacks consistency, use at your own risk
-nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh \
+nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh \
   --filter=multi-conn multi-conn-mode=unsafe \
   --run 'nbdsh -c "$preamble" -c "
 h[0].cache(12, 0)
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ EOF
          ) test-multi-conn.out || fail=1
 
 # auto mode devolves to multi-conn disable when connections are serialized
-nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=noparallel \
+nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=noparallel \
   serialize=connections --filter=multi-conn --filter=cache \
   --run 'handles=1 nbdsh -c "$preamble"
 ' > test-multi-conn.out || fail=1
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ for level in off connection fast; do
               plugin 'plugin --filter=cache'; do
     echo "setup: $level $mode" >> test-multi-conn.stat
     # Flush with no activity
-    nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
+    nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
       --filter=stats statsfile=test-multi-conn.stat statsappend=true \
       multi-conn-track-dirty=$level multi-conn-mode=$mode \
       --run 'nbdsh -c "$preamble" -c "
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ h[0].pread(1, 0)
 h[0].flush()
 "' > test-multi-conn.out || fail=1
     # Client that flushes assuming multi-conn semantics
-    nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
+    nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
       --filter=stats statsfile=test-multi-conn.stat statsappend=true \
       multi-conn-track-dirty=$level multi-conn-mode=$mode \
       --run 'handles=4 nbdsh -c "$preamble" -c "
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ h[3].flush()
 h[3].flush()
 "' > test-multi-conn.out || fail=1
     # Client that flushes assuming inconsistent semantics
-    nbdkit -vf -U - sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
+    nbdkit -vf sh test-multi-conn-plugin.sh --filter=multi-conn \
       --filter=stats statsfile=test-multi-conn.stat statsappend=true \
       multi-conn-track-dirty=$level multi-conn-mode=$mode \
       --run 'nbdsh -c "$preamble" -c "
diff --git a/tests/test-nbd-block-size.sh b/tests/test-nbd-block-size.sh
index c6971edf3..d0ebd4c4a 100755
--- a/tests/test-nbd-block-size.sh
+++ b/tests/test-nbd-block-size.sh
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ requires_nbdsh_uri
 
 # Create an nbdkit eval plugin which presents block size constraints.
 # Check the advertised block size constraints can be read.
-nbdkit -U - eval \
+nbdkit eval \
        block_size="echo 64K 128K 32M" \
        get_size="echo 0" \
        --run '
-    nbdkit -U - nbd $uri --run "
+    nbdkit nbd $uri --run "
         nbdsh \
            -u \$uri \
            -c \"assert h.get_block_size(nbd.SIZE_MINIMUM) == 64 * 1024\" \
diff --git a/tests/test-nbd-extents.sh b/tests/test-nbd-extents.sh
index e91f19b1c..f8145de1d 100755
--- a/tests/test-nbd-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-nbd-extents.sh
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ do_test ()
            data "$1" size="$2" \
            truncate="$3"
     # We use jq to normalize the output and convert it to plain text.
-    nbdkit -U - nbd socket="$sock" \
+    nbdkit nbd socket="$sock" \
            --run 'qemu-img map -f raw --output=json $nbd' |
         jq -c '.[] | {start:.start, length:.length, data:.data, zero:.zero}' \
...
 $out diff --git a/tests/test-nbd-vsock.sh
b/tests/test-nbd-vsock.sh
index 63fbedb93..765b4d3ea 100755
--- a/tests/test-nbd-vsock.sh
+++ b/tests/test-nbd-vsock.sh
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 start_nbdkit -P nbd-vsock.pid --vsock --port $port memory 1M
 
 # Run a second nbdkit as a vsock->Unix bridge.
-nbdkit -U - nbd vsock=1 port=$port --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "
+nbdkit nbd vsock=1 port=$port --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "
 size = h.get_size()
 assert size == 1048576
 "'
diff --git a/tests/test-nbdkit-backend-debug.sh b/tests/test-nbdkit-backend-debug.sh
index f3affe8a9..ec52690f1 100755
--- a/tests/test-nbdkit-backend-debug.sh
+++ b/tests/test-nbdkit-backend-debug.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ files="$out $debug"
 rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
-nbdkit -U - \
+nbdkit \
        -v \
        --filter=noextents \
        memory 10M \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ grep '^nbdkit:.*debug: memory: open' $debug
 grep '^nbdkit:.*debug: noextents: pread' $debug
 grep '^nbdkit:.*debug: memory: pread' $debug
 
-nbdkit -U - \
+nbdkit \
        -v -D nbdkit.backend.controlpath=0 \
        --filter=noextents \
        memory 10M \
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ grep -v '^nbdkit:.*debug: memory: open' $debug
 grep '^nbdkit:.*debug: noextents: pread' $debug
 grep '^nbdkit:.*debug: memory: pread' $debug
 
-nbdkit -U - \
+nbdkit \
        -v -D nbdkit.backend.datapath=0 \
        --filter=noextents \
        memory 10M \
diff --git a/tests/test-nofilter.sh b/tests/test-nofilter.sh
index d43e37692..edb20f990 100755
--- a/tests/test-nofilter.sh
+++ b/tests/test-nofilter.sh
@@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ files="nofilter.img"
 rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
-nbdkit -U - -v --filter=nofilter memory 10M \
+nbdkit -v --filter=nofilter memory 10M \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" nofilter.img'
diff --git a/tests/test-nozero.sh b/tests/test-nozero.sh
index 4cd834398..9ef567b51 100755
--- a/tests/test-nozero.sh
+++ b/tests/test-nozero.sh
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ for f in {1..5}; do
 done
 
 # Check that zero with trim results in a sparse image.
-requires nbdkit -U - --filter=log file logfile=nozero1.log nozero1.img \
+requires nbdkit --filter=log file logfile=nozero1.log nozero1.img \
     --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "h.zero(1024*1024, 0)"'
 if test "$($STAT -c %b nozero1.img)" = "${sizes[1]}"; then
     echo "$0: can't trim file by writing zeroes"
diff --git a/tests/test-null-extents.sh b/tests/test-null-extents.sh
index f5d47cb4f..dd32992c0 100755
--- a/tests/test-null-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-null-extents.sh
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 do_test ()
 {
     # We use jq to normalize the output and convert it to plain text.
-    nbdkit -U - \
+    nbdkit \
            null "$1" \
            --run 'qemu-img map -f raw --output=json $nbd' |
         jq -c '.[] | {start:.start, length:.length, data:.data, zero:.zero}' \
diff --git a/tests/test-ocaml-fork.sh b/tests/test-ocaml-fork.sh
index 49a6ef10a..3ffad1b8b 100755
--- a/tests/test-ocaml-fork.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ocaml-fork.sh
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ requires_run
 requires_nbdinfo
 
 # Using --run causes nbdkit to fork.
-nbdkit -U - $plugin a=1 b=2 c=3 d=4 --run 'nbdinfo "$uri"'
+nbdkit $plugin a=1 b=2 c=3 d=4 --run 'nbdinfo "$uri"'
diff --git a/tests/test-ocaml-list-exports.sh b/tests/test-ocaml-list-exports.sh
index 32b2e1c0a..96cc53779 100755
--- a/tests/test-ocaml-list-exports.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ocaml-list-exports.sh
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 
 # Uses test_ocaml_plugin.ml.  Note the parameters are required as they
 # are checked for another test.
-nbdkit -U - $plugin a=1 b=2 c=3 d=4 \
+nbdkit $plugin a=1 b=2 c=3 d=4 \
        --run 'nbdinfo --list --json "$uri"' > $out
 cat $out
 
diff --git a/tests/test-offset-extents.sh b/tests/test-offset-extents.sh
index f9e6af2f0..8c0ce98be 100755
--- a/tests/test-offset-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-offset-extents.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 do_test ()
 {
     # We use jq to normalize the output and convert it to plain text.
-    nbdkit -U - \
+    nbdkit \
            --filter=offset \
            data "$1" size="$2" \
            offset=1024 range=65536 \
diff --git a/tests/test-offset-truncate.sh b/tests/test-offset-truncate.sh
index b09c89e7f..113293337 100755
--- a/tests/test-offset-truncate.sh
+++ b/tests/test-offset-truncate.sh
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ requires_nbdsh_uri
 
 function do_test_info ()
 {
-    nbdkit -U - --filter=offset --filter=truncate pattern size=1024 \
+    nbdkit --filter=offset --filter=truncate pattern size=1024 \
            "$@" --run 'nbdinfo $nbd'
 }
 
 function do_test_read512 ()
 {
-    nbdkit -U - --filter=offset --filter=truncate pattern size=1024 \
+    nbdkit --filter=offset --filter=truncate pattern size=1024 \
            "$@" --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "
 try:
   h.pread(512, 0)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ except nbd.Error:
 
 function do_test_zero512 ()
 {
-    nbdkit -U - --filter=offset --filter=truncate memory size=1024 \
+    nbdkit --filter=offset --filter=truncate memory size=1024 \
            "$@" --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "
 try:
   h.zero(512, 0)
diff --git a/tests/test-old-plugins.sh b/tests/test-old-plugins.sh
index fd593a17d..41f1951b6 100755
--- a/tests/test-old-plugins.sh
+++ b/tests/test-old-plugins.sh
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
 cp disk $disk
 
-nbdkit -fv -U - $f file=$disk \
+nbdkit -fv $f file=$disk \
        --run '
     guestfish \
         add "" protocol:nbd server:unix:$unixsocket : \
diff --git a/tests/test-ondemand-list.sh b/tests/test-ondemand-list.sh
index bc264c7df..436e9be7b 100755
--- a/tests/test-ondemand-list.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ondemand-list.sh
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ touch $dir/export2
 touch $dir/export3
 
 export LANG=C
-nbdkit -U - ondemand dir=$dir size=1M \
+nbdkit ondemand dir=$dir size=1M \
        --run 'qemu-nbd -k $unixsocket -L' > $out
 cat $out
 
diff --git a/tests/test-ones.sh b/tests/test-ones.sh
index 8fb448ebb..cae63da90 100755
--- a/tests/test-ones.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ones.sh
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ requires_nbdinfo
 requires_run
 
 # Check the disk contains 0xff by default.
-nbdkit -U - ones 1024 --run '
+nbdkit ones 1024 --run '
 nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "assert (h.pread(1024,0) ==
b\"\\xff\"*1024)"
 '
 
 # Change the byte.
-nbdkit -U - ones 1024 byte=0x5a --run '
+nbdkit ones 1024 byte=0x5a --run '
 nbdsh -u "$uri" -c "assert (h.pread(1024,0) ==
b\"\\x5a\"*1024)"
 '
 
 # Check the disk is fully allocated.
-nbdkit -U - ones 1G --run 'nbdinfo --map "$uri"' | \
+nbdkit ones 1G --run 'nbdinfo --map "$uri"' | \
     grep -E '0[[:space:]]+1073741824[[:space:]]+0[[:space:]]+(data|allocated)'
diff --git a/tests/test-parallel-file.sh b/tests/test-parallel-file.sh
index 476a5f669..110193663 100755
--- a/tests/test-parallel-file.sh
+++ b/tests/test-parallel-file.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ timeout 30s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw -c "aio_write -P 1 0
512" \
 # tuning the delays may help.
 
 # With --threads=1, the write should complete first because it was issued first
-nbdkit -v -t 1 -U - --filter=delay file test-parallel-file.data \
+nbdkit -v -t 1 --filter=delay file test-parallel-file.data \
   wdelay=2 rdelay=1 --run 'timeout 60s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw \
     -c "aio_write -P 2 512 512" -c "aio_read -P 1 0 512" -c aio_flush
$nbd' |
     tee test-parallel-file.out
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ read 512/512 bytes at offset 0"; then
 fi
 
 # With default --threads, the faster read should complete first
-nbdkit -v -U - --filter=delay file test-parallel-file.data \
+nbdkit -v --filter=delay file test-parallel-file.data \
   wdelay=2 rdelay=1 --run 'timeout 60s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw \
     -c "aio_write -P 2 512 512" -c "aio_read -P 1 0 512" -c aio_flush
$nbd' |
     tee test-parallel-file.out
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ wrote 512/512 bytes at offset 512"; then
 fi
 
 # With --filter=noparallel, the write should complete first because it was issued first
-nbdkit -v -U - --filter=noparallel --filter=delay file test-parallel-file.data \
+nbdkit -v --filter=noparallel --filter=delay file test-parallel-file.data \
   wdelay=2 rdelay=1 --run 'timeout 60s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw \
     -c "aio_write -P 2 512 512" -c "aio_read -P 1 0 512" -c aio_flush
$nbd' |
     tee test-parallel-file.out
diff --git a/tests/test-parallel-nbd.sh b/tests/test-parallel-nbd.sh
index c2055e80f..c0a6d8b4f 100755
--- a/tests/test-parallel-nbd.sh
+++ b/tests/test-parallel-nbd.sh
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ start_nbdkit -P test-parallel-nbd.pid \
              file test-parallel-nbd.data wdelay=2 rdelay=1
 
 # With --threads=1, the write should complete first because it was issued first
-nbdkit -v -t 1 -U - nbd socket=$sock --run '
+nbdkit -v -t 1 nbd socket=$sock --run '
   timeout 60s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw \
   -c "aio_write -P 2 512 512" -c "aio_read -P 1 0 512" \
   -c aio_flush $nbd' | tee test-parallel-nbd.out
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ read 512/512 bytes at offset 0"; then
 fi
 
 # With default --threads, the faster read should complete first
-nbdkit -v -U - nbd socket=$sock --run '
+nbdkit -v nbd socket=$sock --run '
   timeout 60s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw \
   -c "aio_write -P 2 512 512" -c "aio_read -P 1 0 512" \
   -c aio_flush $nbd' | tee test-parallel-nbd.out
diff --git a/tests/test-parallel-sh.sh b/tests/test-parallel-sh.sh
index 08fd8a630..da18e41b3 100755
--- a/tests/test-parallel-sh.sh
+++ b/tests/test-parallel-sh.sh
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ EOF
 chmod +x test-parallel-sh.script
 
 # With --threads=1, the write should complete first because it was issued first
-nbdkit -v -t 1 -U - --filter=delay sh test-parallel-sh.script \
+nbdkit -v -t 1 --filter=delay sh test-parallel-sh.script \
   wdelay=2 rdelay=1 --run 'timeout 60s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw \
     -c "aio_write -P 2 512 512" -c "aio_read -P 1 0 512" -c aio_flush
$nbd' |
     tee test-parallel-sh.out
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ read 512/512 bytes at offset 0"; then
 fi
 
 # With default --threads, the faster read should complete first
-nbdkit -v -U - --filter=delay sh test-parallel-sh.script \
+nbdkit -v --filter=delay sh test-parallel-sh.script \
   wdelay=2 rdelay=1 --run 'timeout 60s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw \
     -c "aio_write -P 2 512 512" -c "aio_read -P 1 0 512" -c aio_flush
$nbd' |
     tee test-parallel-sh.out
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fi
 
 # With --filter=noparallel, the write should complete first because it was
 # issued first. Also test that the log filter doesn't leak an fd
-nbdkit -v -U - --filter=noparallel --filter=log --filter=delay \
+nbdkit -v --filter=noparallel --filter=log --filter=delay \
   sh test-parallel-sh.script logfile=/dev/null \
   wdelay=2 rdelay=1 --run 'timeout 60s </dev/null qemu-io -f raw \
     -c "aio_write -P 2 512 512" -c "aio_read -P 1 0 512" -c aio_flush
$nbd' |
diff --git a/tests/test-partition-4k-gpt.sh b/tests/test-partition-4k-gpt.sh
index 836988a08..a0276b59d 100755
--- a/tests/test-partition-4k-gpt.sh
+++ b/tests/test-partition-4k-gpt.sh
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ w
 EOF
 
 # Run nbdkit with the partition filter.
-nbdkit -f -v -U - \
+nbdkit -f -v \
        --filter=partition file $disk partition-sectorsize=4k partition=1 \
        --run "nbdcopy \$uri $out"
 
diff --git a/tests/test-partition-4k-mbr.sh b/tests/test-partition-4k-mbr.sh
index ed463b482..73664c219 100755
--- a/tests/test-partition-4k-mbr.sh
+++ b/tests/test-partition-4k-mbr.sh
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ w
 EOF
 
 # Run nbdkit with the partition filter.
-nbdkit -f -v -U - \
+nbdkit -f -v \
        --filter=partition file $disk partition-sectorsize=4k partition=1 \
        --run "nbdcopy \$uri $out"
 
diff --git a/tests/test-partition1.sh b/tests/test-partition1.sh
index d4d6c1be3..5062288f4 100755
--- a/tests/test-partition1.sh
+++ b/tests/test-partition1.sh
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ do_test ()
     # Run nbdkit on each partition, copying data in and out.
     for ((part=1; part <= $nrparts; ++part)); do
         if [ "$part" != "$ignored" ]; then
-            nbdkit -f -v -U - \
+            nbdkit -f -v \
                    --filter=partition file $d/disk partition=$part \
                    --run "nbdcopy -C 1 $d/rand \$uri && nbdcopy -C 1 \$uri
$d/out"
             truncate -s 512 $d/out
diff --git a/tests/test-partition2.sh b/tests/test-partition2.sh
index f195bc78e..24cd88b52 100755
--- a/tests/test-partition2.sh
+++ b/tests/test-partition2.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
 # Select partition 3 from a 2 partition disk.
-nbdkit -U - -r -f -v --filter=partition \
+nbdkit -r -f -v --filter=partition \
          partitioning disk disk partition-type=mbr partition=3 \
          --run 'nbdinfo $nbd' > partition2.log 2>&1 ||:
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ grep "MBR partition 3 not found" partition2.log
 # the extended partition so it is skipped.  This test is slightly
 # different from above as it invokes the code supporting logical
 # partitions.
-nbdkit -U - -r -f -v --filter=partition \
+nbdkit -r -f -v --filter=partition \
          partitioning disk disk disk disk disk disk disk disk disk \
          partition-type=mbr partition=11 \
          --run 'nbdinfo $nbd' > partition2.log 2>&1 ||:
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ cat partition2.log
 grep "MBR partition 11 not found" partition2.log
 
 # It should be impossible to select an extended partition.
-nbdkit -U - -r -f -v --filter=partition \
+nbdkit -r -f -v --filter=partition \
          partitioning disk disk disk disk disk partition-type=mbr partition=4 \
          --run 'nbdinfo $nbd' > partition2.log 2>&1 ||:
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ grep "MBR partition 4 not found" partition2.log
 
 # Selecting a logical partition on a disk without an extended
 # partition gives a different error.
-nbdkit -U - -r -f -v --filter=partition \
+nbdkit -r -f -v --filter=partition \
          partitioning disk disk partition-type=mbr partition=5 \
          --run 'nbdinfo $nbd' > partition2.log 2>&1 ||:
 
diff --git a/tests/test-partitioning1.sh b/tests/test-partitioning1.sh
index 0ece7e13c..d8dff5fa3 100755
--- a/tests/test-partitioning1.sh
+++ b/tests/test-partitioning1.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ $TRUNCATE -s 1 partitioning1-p5
 $TRUNCATE -s 511 partitioning1-p6
 
 # Run nbdkit with partitioning plugin and partition filter.
-nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 -U - \
+nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 \
        --filter=partition \
        partitioning \
        mbr-id=0x83 alignment=512 \
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ cmp file-data partitioning1.out
 
 # Same test with > 4 MBR partitions.
 # Note we select partition 6 because partition 4 is the extended partition.
-nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 -U - \
+nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 \
        --filter=partition \
        partitioning \
        partitioning1-p1 \
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 -U - \
 cmp file-data partitioning1.out
 
 # Same test with GPT.
-nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 -U - \
+nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 \
        --filter=partition \
        partitioning \
        partitioning1-p1 \
diff --git a/tests/test-partitioning4.sh b/tests/test-partitioning4.sh
index b8975c25b..37d464dc1 100755
--- a/tests/test-partitioning4.sh
+++ b/tests/test-partitioning4.sh
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ done
 $TRUNCATE -s 6144 $d/part.0250
 
 # Run nbdkit.
-nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 -U - \
+nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 \
              --filter=partition \
              partitioning \
              $d/part.* \
diff --git a/tests/test-partitioning6.sh b/tests/test-partitioning6.sh
index 96d0dbb3a..5654d0cbb 100755
--- a/tests/test-partitioning6.sh
+++ b/tests/test-partitioning6.sh
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ $TRUNCATE -s 6144 $d/part.0250
 #
 # Note we select partition 251 (not 250) because partition 4 is the
 # extended partition and everything partition following moves up by 1.
-nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 -U - \
+nbdkit -f -v -D partitioning.regions=1 \
              --filter=partition \
              partitioning \
              $d/part.* \
diff --git a/tests/test-protect-ranges.sh b/tests/test-protect-ranges.sh
index 61ba9d083..dfbe119b7 100755
--- a/tests/test-protect-ranges.sh
+++ b/tests/test-protect-ranges.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ requires_run
 # access, simply that the code which coalesces ranges and turns them
 # into regions doesn't crash.
 
-cmd="nbdkit -U - --filter=protect null size=1M --run true"
+cmd="nbdkit --filter=protect null size=1M --run true"
 
 $cmd
 
diff --git a/tests/test-qcow2dec-map.sh b/tests/test-qcow2dec-map.sh
index dc451a02a..57d590d7b 100755
--- a/tests/test-qcow2dec-map.sh
+++ b/tests/test-qcow2dec-map.sh
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ nbdinfo --map -- [ qemu-nbd -r -f qcow2 $qcow2 ] > $map_expected
 cat $map_expected
 
 # Get the actual map from nbdkit qcow2dec filter.
-nbdkit -U - file --filter=qcow2dec $qcow2 \
+nbdkit file --filter=qcow2dec $qcow2 \
        --run 'nbdinfo --map "$uri"' > $map_actual
 cat $map_actual
 
diff --git a/tests/test-qcow2dec.sh b/tests/test-qcow2dec.sh
index 0c6a759f3..5db69126f 100755
--- a/tests/test-qcow2dec.sh
+++ b/tests/test-qcow2dec.sh
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ requires qemu-img --version
 requires cmp --version
 
 # Check nbdinfo supports the --is flag (not RHEL 8).
-requires nbdkit -r -U - null --run 'nbdinfo --is readonly "$uri"'
+requires nbdkit -r null --run 'nbdinfo --is readonly "$uri"'
 
 qcow2=qcow2dec-disk.qcow2
 raw=qcow2dec-disk.raw
diff --git a/tests/test-random-copy.sh b/tests/test-random-copy.sh
index 1235644dd..eef823d8b 100755
--- a/tests/test-random-copy.sh
+++ b/tests/test-random-copy.sh
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ requires_nbdcopy
 requires_libnbd_version 1.5.9
 
 # Copy from self to self which is what this plugin is intended for.
-nbdkit -U - random size=100M --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" "$uri"'
+nbdkit random size=100M --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" "$uri"'
diff --git a/tests/test-random-sock.sh b/tests/test-random-sock.sh
index 40060d1f2..29000ea70 100755
--- a/tests/test-random-sock.sh
+++ b/tests/test-random-sock.sh
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 # OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 # SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-# Test nbdkit -U - + captive nbdkit.
+# Test nbdkit + captive nbdkit.
 
 source ./functions.sh
 set -e
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ set -x
 
 requires_run
 
-nbdkit -U - example1 --run 'sleep 5'
+nbdkit example1 --run 'sleep 5'
diff --git a/tests/test-rate-dynamic.sh b/tests/test-rate-dynamic.sh
index dc6499528..6ba2a84d3 100755
--- a/tests/test-rate-dynamic.sh
+++ b/tests/test-rate-dynamic.sh
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 echo 10M > rate-dynamic.txt
 
 start_t=$SECONDS
-nbdkit -U - \
+nbdkit \
        --filter=blocksize --filter=rate \
        pattern 25M \
        maxdata=65536 \
diff --git a/tests/test-rate.sh b/tests/test-rate.sh
index 5e892b04c..93d7fc7cb 100755
--- a/tests/test-rate.sh
+++ b/tests/test-rate.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 # data requests up.
 
 start_t=$SECONDS
-nbdkit -U - \
+nbdkit \
        --filter=blocksize --filter=rate \
        pattern 25M \
        maxdata=65536 \
diff --git a/tests/test-readahead-copy.sh b/tests/test-readahead-copy.sh
index dbdeacb50..0bc98fb3f 100755
--- a/tests/test-readahead-copy.sh
+++ b/tests/test-readahead-copy.sh
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ data="            1
       @0x87050300 8
      @0x100000000 9 "
 
-nbdkit -v -U - --filter=readahead data "$data"  \
+nbdkit -v --filter=readahead data "$data"  \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" readahead-copy1.img'
-nbdkit -v -U -                    data "$data" \
+nbdkit -v                    data "$data" \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" readahead-copy2.img'
 
 # Check the output.
diff --git a/tests/test-readahead.sh b/tests/test-readahead.sh
index 267d7678d..7b2daf20d 100755
--- a/tests/test-readahead.sh
+++ b/tests/test-readahead.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ files="readahead.out"
 rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
-nbdkit -fv -U - sh - \
+nbdkit -fv sh - \
        --filter=readahead \
        --run 'nbdsh --uri "$uri" -c "
 import time
diff --git a/tests/test-retry-extents.sh b/tests/test-retry-extents.sh
index 6df977fa4..63202eae7 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry-extents.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ touch retry-extents-count retry-extents-open-count
 start_t=$SECONDS
 
 # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying.
-nbdkit -v -U - \
+nbdkit -v \
        sh - \
        --filter=retry retry-delay=1 \
        --run 'nbdsh --base-allocation --uri "$uri" -c "
diff --git a/tests/test-retry-open.sh b/tests/test-retry-open.sh
index 4a74d5d42..09e5d12d1 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry-open.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry-open.sh
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ echo 0 > retry-open2-count
 start_t=$SECONDS
 
 # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying open.
-nbdkit -v -U - \
+nbdkit -v \
        sh - \
        --filter=retry retry-delay=1 \
        --run 'qemu-io -f raw -c "r -P0 0 512" $nbd || :'
<<'EOF'
diff --git a/tests/test-retry-readonly.sh b/tests/test-retry-readonly.sh
index 985ac8b92..f1626bc6d 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry-readonly.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry-readonly.sh
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ touch retry-readonly-count retry-readonly-open-count
 start_t=$SECONDS
 
 # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying.
-nbdkit -v -U - \
+nbdkit -v \
        sh - \
        --filter=retry retry-delay=1 retry-readonly=yes \
        --run 'qemu-io -f raw -c "w 0 512" -c "w 0 512" $nbd ||
:' <<'EOF'
diff --git a/tests/test-retry-reopen-fail.sh b/tests/test-retry-reopen-fail.sh
index 65ecbdca7..3b214cc71 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry-reopen-fail.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry-reopen-fail.sh
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ do_test ()
     start_t=$SECONDS
 
     # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying.
-    nbdkit -v -U - \
+    nbdkit -v \
            sh - \
            --filter=retry retry-delay=1 retries=$retries \
            --run 'qemu-io -r -f raw $nbd -c "r 0 512" -c "r 0
512"
diff --git a/tests/test-retry-request-open.sh b/tests/test-retry-request-open.sh
index bb60374b1..363f6f227 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry-request-open.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry-request-open.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ touch retry-request-open-count
 start_t=$SECONDS
 
 # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying requests.
-nbdkit -v -U - \
+nbdkit -v \
        sh - \
        --filter=retry-request retry-request-retries=3 retry-request-delay=1 \
        --run 'nbdcopy --synchronous "$uri" retry-request-open.img'
<<'EOF'
diff --git a/tests/test-retry-request.sh b/tests/test-retry-request.sh
index e821eebe6..20c0e1c8f 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry-request.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry-request.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ touch retry-request-count
 start_t=$SECONDS
 
 # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying requests.
-nbdkit -v -U - \
+nbdkit -v \
        sh - \
        --filter=retry-request retry-request-retries=3 retry-request-delay=1 \
        --run 'nbdcopy --synchronous "$uri" retry-request.img'
<<'EOF'
diff --git a/tests/test-retry-size.sh b/tests/test-retry-size.sh
index e0d22a3d3..f5246f07a 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry-size.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry-size.sh
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ start_t=$SECONDS
 
 # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying.
 st=0
-nbdkit -v -U - \
+nbdkit -v \
        sh - \
        --filter=retry retry-delay=1 \
        --run 'nbdsh -u "$uri" \
diff --git a/tests/test-retry-zero-flags.sh b/tests/test-retry-zero-flags.sh
index eff60925b..3b079df2a 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry-zero-flags.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry-zero-flags.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ touch retry-zero-flags-count retry-zero-flags-open-count
 start_t=$SECONDS
 
 # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying.
-nbdkit -v -U - \
+nbdkit -v \
        sh - \
        --filter=retry retry-delay=1 \
        --run 'nbdsh --uri "$uri" -c "
diff --git a/tests/test-retry.sh b/tests/test-retry.sh
index 67708cf13..e124660e6 100755
--- a/tests/test-retry.sh
+++ b/tests/test-retry.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ touch retry-count retry-open-count
 start_t=$SECONDS
 
 # Create a custom plugin which will test retrying.
-nbdkit -v -U - \
+nbdkit -v \
        sh - \
        --filter=retry retry-delay=1 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" retry.img' <<'EOF'
diff --git a/tests/test-scan-copy.sh b/tests/test-scan-copy.sh
index 95e8ee4bf..6baf904ea 100755
--- a/tests/test-scan-copy.sh
+++ b/tests/test-scan-copy.sh
@@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ requires_run
 requires_plugin sparse-random
 requires_filter scan
 
-nbdkit -fv -U - sparse-random 1M --filter=scan --run 'nbdcopy "$uri"
"$uri"'
-nbdkit -fv -U - sparse-random 1G --filter=scan --run 'nbdcopy "$uri"
"$uri"'
+nbdkit -fv sparse-random 1M --filter=scan --run 'nbdcopy "$uri"
"$uri"'
+nbdkit -fv sparse-random 1G --filter=scan --run 'nbdcopy "$uri"
"$uri"'
diff --git a/tests/test-scan-info.sh b/tests/test-scan-info.sh
index 557aab3a7..9aae70392 100755
--- a/tests/test-scan-info.sh
+++ b/tests/test-scan-info.sh
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ requires_filter scan
 # We're just testing that there are no problematic races with the
 # background thread.
 
-nbdkit -fv -U - memory 1 --filter=scan --run 'nbdinfo $uri'
-nbdkit -fv -U - memory 1M --filter=scan --run 'nbdinfo $uri'
-nbdkit -fv -U - memory 1G --filter=scan --run 'nbdinfo $uri'
-nbdkit -fv -U - memory 1G --filter=scan -e test --run 'nbdinfo $uri'
+nbdkit -fv memory 1 --filter=scan --run 'nbdinfo $uri'
+nbdkit -fv memory 1M --filter=scan --run 'nbdinfo $uri'
+nbdkit -fv memory 1G --filter=scan --run 'nbdinfo $uri'
+nbdkit -fv memory 1G --filter=scan -e test --run 'nbdinfo $uri'
diff --git a/tests/test-sh-errors.sh b/tests/test-sh-errors.sh
index 2b05c7baa..09d80981c 100755
--- a/tests/test-sh-errors.sh
+++ b/tests/test-sh-errors.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ do_test ()
     else
         cmd='qemu-io -r -f raw -c "r 0 1" $nbd'
     fi
-    nbdkit -v -U - sh - --run "$cmd"' &&
+    nbdkit -v sh - --run "$cmd"' &&
       echo qemu-io unexpectedly passed >> '$out'; :' >> $out
     if grep "qemu-io unexpectedly passed" $out ||
        ! egrep "$1" $out; then
diff --git a/tests/test-sh-extents.sh b/tests/test-sh-extents.sh
index e6a15073b..10a56861c 100755
--- a/tests/test-sh-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-sh-extents.sh
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 do_test ()
 {
     # We use jq to normalize the output and convert it to plain text.
-    nbdkit -v -U - sh - --run 'qemu-img map -f raw --output=json $nbd' |
+    nbdkit -v sh - --run 'qemu-img map -f raw --output=json $nbd' |
         jq -c '.[] | {start:.start, length:.length, data:.data, zero:.zero}' \
...
 $out      if ! cmp $out $expected; then
diff --git a/tests/test-sh-tmpdir-leak.sh b/tests/test-sh-tmpdir-leak.sh
index 7446df6ea..06765f517 100755
--- a/tests/test-sh-tmpdir-leak.sh
+++ b/tests/test-sh-tmpdir-leak.sh
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ requires_run
 requires_plugin sh
 
 unset tmpdir
-nbdkit -U - sh - --run 'if test -n "$tmpdir"; then exit 1; fi'
</dev/null
+nbdkit sh - --run 'if test -n "$tmpdir"; then exit 1; fi'
</dev/null
 
 # Meanwhile, the user CAN export $tmpdir for the sake of --run, but
 # the script still gets its own distinct location.
 
-tmpdir=/nowhere nbdkit -U - -v sh - \
+tmpdir=/nowhere nbdkit -v sh - \
     --run 'if test "$tmpdir" != /nowhere; then exit 1; fi' <<EOF
 if test "$tmpdir" = /nowhere; then
   echo "$0: unexpected tmpdir" 2>&1
diff --git a/tests/test-shebang-cc-ocaml.sh b/tests/test-shebang-cc-ocaml.sh
index cb11ca4e1..52a5a74f6 100755
--- a/tests/test-shebang-cc-ocaml.sh
+++ b/tests/test-shebang-cc-ocaml.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ export OCAML_PLUGIN_LIBRARIES
 # For unclear reasons linking the OCaml plugin fails on macOS. XXX
 requires_not test "$(uname)" = "Darwin"
 
-$script -fv -U - \
+$script -fv \
         EXTRA_CFLAGS="-I ../plugins/ocaml -I ../plugins/ocaml/.libs" \
         size=512 \
         --run '
diff --git a/tests/test-shebang-cc.sh b/tests/test-shebang-cc.sh
index e1f1e9fbe..b25b789f7 100755
--- a/tests/test-shebang-cc.sh
+++ b/tests/test-shebang-cc.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ requires_run
 requires_plugin cc
 requires guestfish --version
 
-$script -fv -U - \
+$script -fv \
         EXTRA_CFLAGS="-I$abs_top_srcdir/include" \
         --run '
     guestfish \
diff --git a/tests/test-sparse-random-copy.sh b/tests/test-sparse-random-copy.sh
index bd77c279b..2ff36b374 100755
--- a/tests/test-sparse-random-copy.sh
+++ b/tests/test-sparse-random-copy.sh
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ requires_nbdcopy
 requires_libnbd_version 1.5.9
 
 # Copy from self to self which is what this plugin is intended for.
-nbdkit -U - sparse-random size=10G --run 'nbdcopy "$uri"
"$uri"'
+nbdkit sparse-random size=10G --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" "$uri"'
diff --git a/tests/test-sparse-random-info.sh b/tests/test-sparse-random-info.sh
index a98f49a1a..cd014109a 100755
--- a/tests/test-sparse-random-info.sh
+++ b/tests/test-sparse-random-info.sh
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ if ! nbdinfo --help | grep -- --map ; then
     exit 77
 fi
 
-nbdkit -U - sparse-random size=10G --run 'nbdinfo --map "$uri"'
+nbdkit sparse-random size=10G --run 'nbdinfo --map "$uri"'
diff --git a/tests/test-split-extents.sh b/tests/test-split-extents.sh
index 0387dd139..6dad0e5b2 100755
--- a/tests/test-split-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-split-extents.sh
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ printf %$((512*1024))d 1 >> test-split-extents.2
 $TRUNCATE -s 1M test-split-extents.2
 
 # Test the split plugin
-nbdkit -v -U - split test-split-extents.1 test-split-extents.2 \
+nbdkit -v split test-split-extents.1 test-split-extents.2 \
        --run 'nbdsh --base-allocation --uri "$uri" -c "
 entries = []
 def f(metacontext, offset, e, err):
diff --git a/tests/test-ssh.sh b/tests/test-ssh.sh
index eccab1518..ef3d9537d 100755
--- a/tests/test-ssh.sh
+++ b/tests/test-ssh.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
 # Copy 'disk' from the "remote" ssh server to local file
'ssh.img'
-nbdkit -v -D ssh.log=2 -U - \
+nbdkit -v -D ssh.log=2 \
        ssh host=localhost $PWD/disk \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" ssh.img'
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ cmp disk ssh.img
 
 # Copy local file 'ssh.img' to newly created "remote"
'ssh2.img'
 size="$($STAT -c %s disk)"
-nbdkit -v -D ssh.log=2 -U - \
+nbdkit -v -D ssh.log=2 \
        ssh host=localhost $PWD/ssh2.img \
        create=true create-size=$size \
        --run 'nbdcopy ssh.img "$uri"'
diff --git a/tests/test-stdio.sh b/tests/test-stdio.sh
index b8c18a82a..eba9236a4 100755
--- a/tests/test-stdio.sh
+++ b/tests/test-stdio.sh
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ grep "input=string1" test-stdio.out
 grep "rest=string2" test-stdio.out
 
 # Test with --run.
-nbdkit -U - -v $plugin one=1 --run 'printf cmd=; cat' \
+nbdkit -v $plugin one=1 --run 'printf cmd=; cat' \
     < test-stdio.in > test-stdio.out
 cat test-stdio.out
 grep "one=string1" test-stdio.out
diff --git a/tests/test-swab-16w.sh b/tests/test-swab-16w.sh
index dd461a1f0..dda477ece 100755
--- a/tests/test-swab-16w.sh
+++ b/tests/test-swab-16w.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $file
 $TRUNCATE -s 512 $file
 
 # Write to the file through the filter.
-nbdkit -U - --filter=swab file $file --run '
+nbdkit --filter=swab file $file --run '
     nbdsh --uri "$uri" -c "h.pwrite(b\"abcdefghijklmnop\",
256)"
 '
 
diff --git a/tests/test-swab-32w.sh b/tests/test-swab-32w.sh
index ccaf64fca..f764d874b 100755
--- a/tests/test-swab-32w.sh
+++ b/tests/test-swab-32w.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $file
 $TRUNCATE -s 512 $file
 
 # Write to the file through the filter.
-nbdkit -U - --filter=swab file $file swab-bits=32 --run '
+nbdkit --filter=swab file $file swab-bits=32 --run '
     nbdsh --uri "$uri" -c "h.pwrite(b\"abcdefghijklmnop\",
256)"
 '
 
diff --git a/tests/test-swab-64w.sh b/tests/test-swab-64w.sh
index 2a908f657..3d32bb0b8 100755
--- a/tests/test-swab-64w.sh
+++ b/tests/test-swab-64w.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $file
 $TRUNCATE -s 512 $file
 
 # Write to the file through the filter.
-nbdkit -U - --filter=swab file $file swab-bits=64 --run '
+nbdkit --filter=swab file $file swab-bits=64 --run '
     nbdsh --uri "$uri" -c "h.pwrite(b\"abcdefghijklmnop\",
256)"
 '
 
diff --git a/tests/test-swab-8.sh b/tests/test-swab-8.sh
index 873ee686a..9da8c9643 100755
--- a/tests/test-swab-8.sh
+++ b/tests/test-swab-8.sh
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ files="swab-8.expected swab-8.actual"
 rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
-nbdkit -U - pattern size=$((128*1024)) \
+nbdkit pattern size=$((128*1024)) \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" swab-8.expected'
-nbdkit -U - --filter=swab pattern size=$((128*1024)) swab-bits=8 \
+nbdkit --filter=swab pattern size=$((128*1024)) swab-bits=8 \
        --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" swab-8.actual'
 
 cmp swab-8.expected swab-8.actual
diff --git a/tests/test-swab-extents.sh b/tests/test-swab-extents.sh
index 68fd3bdcb..cacac5e41 100755
--- a/tests/test-swab-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-swab-extents.sh
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ print(entries)
 # Now to test the combinations:
 for bits in 8 16 32 64; do
     for exts in "$all" "$one"; do
-        nbdkit -U - --filter=swab eval swab-bits=$bits \
+        nbdkit --filter=swab eval swab-bits=$bits \
                get_size='echo 48' pread='exit 1'
extents="$exts" \
                --run 'nbdsh --base-allocation -u "$uri" -c
"$script"' \
...
 swab-extents.out || fail=1 diff --git
a/tests/test-tar-info-xz-qcow2dec.sh b/tests/test-tar-info-xz-qcow2dec.sh
index f8a4f54c7..005d6a704 100755
--- a/tests/test-tar-info-xz-qcow2dec.sh
+++ b/tests/test-tar-info-xz-qcow2dec.sh
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ tar cf $tar $disk
 xz --best --block-size=32768 $tar
 
 # Run nbdkit.
-nbdkit -U - file $tar_xz \
+nbdkit file $tar_xz \
        --filter=qcow2dec \
        --filter=tar tar-entry=$disk \
        --filter=xz \
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ test "$( jq -r -c '.["format"]' $out )" =
"raw"
 # Use nbdcopy to copy the output to a new file, and compare it to the
 # original disk.
 export raw
-nbdkit -U - file $tar_xz \
+nbdkit file $tar_xz \
        --filter=qcow2dec \
        --filter=tar tar-entry=$disk \
        --filter=xz \
diff --git a/tests/test-tar-info-xz.sh b/tests/test-tar-info-xz.sh
index 064ee8eba..d9c0915b7 100755
--- a/tests/test-tar-info-xz.sh
+++ b/tests/test-tar-info-xz.sh
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ tar cf $tar $disk
 xz --best --block-size=32768 $tar
 
 # Run nbdkit.
-nbdkit -U - file $tar_xz \
+nbdkit file $tar_xz \
        --filter=tar tar-entry=$disk \
        --filter=xz \
        --run 'qemu-img info --output=json $nbd' > $out
diff --git a/tests/test-tar-info.sh b/tests/test-tar-info.sh
index 3f98999db..0e9ce5bb4 100755
--- a/tests/test-tar-info.sh
+++ b/tests/test-tar-info.sh
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ qemu-img convert -f raw disk -O qcow2 $disk
 tar cf $tar $disk
 
 # Run nbdkit.
-nbdkit -U - file $tar \
+nbdkit file $tar \
        --filter=tar tar-entry=$disk \
        --run 'qemu-img info --output=json $nbd' > $out
 cat $out
diff --git a/tests/test-tar-limit.sh b/tests/test-tar-limit.sh
index 168f2c497..ef9239a62 100755
--- a/tests/test-tar-limit.sh
+++ b/tests/test-tar-limit.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ tar cf $tar_good disk
 tar cf $tar_bad $tar_filler disk
 
 # Check we can read the good disk and reject the bad disk.
-cmd="nbdkit -U - file --filter=tar tar-entry=disk tar-limit=131072"
+cmd="nbdkit file --filter=tar tar-entry=disk tar-limit=131072"
 
 $cmd $tar_good --run 'nbdinfo "$uri"'
 
diff --git a/tests/test-tls.sh b/tests/test-tls.sh
index cf570a9ec..1e284a421 100755
--- a/tests/test-tls.sh
+++ b/tests/test-tls.sh
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ if ! nbdkit --dump-config | grep -sq tls=yes; then
 fi
 
 # RHEL 7 GnuTLS did not support --tls-verify-peer.
-requires nbdkit --tls-verify-peer -U - null --run 'exit 0'
+requires nbdkit --tls-verify-peer null --run 'exit 0'
 
 # Did we create the PKI files?
 # Probably 'certtool' is missing.
diff --git a/tests/test-tmpdisk-command.sh b/tests/test-tmpdisk-command.sh
index 4254d20ce..55183d48c 100755
--- a/tests/test-tmpdisk-command.sh
+++ b/tests/test-tmpdisk-command.sh
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ requires_nbdsh_uri
 # - If multiple parameters appear, last one is used.
 # - Test quoting.
 # - size=0 because we ignore it in the command itself.
-nbdkit -f -v -U - tmpdisk 0 a=2 a=1 b=1024 c="a ' b ' c" \
+nbdkit -f -v tmpdisk 0 a=2 a=1 b=1024 c="a ' b ' c" \
        TRUNCATE="$TRUNCATE" \
        command='
 set -x
diff --git a/tests/test-truncate-extents.sh b/tests/test-truncate-extents.sh
index 85276c547..05120ce66 100755
--- a/tests/test-truncate-extents.sh
+++ b/tests/test-truncate-extents.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 do_test ()
 {
     # We use jq to normalize the output and convert it to plain text.
-    nbdkit -U - \
+    nbdkit \
            --filter=truncate \
            data "$1" size="$2" \
            truncate="$3" \
diff --git a/tests/test-vddk-password-fd.sh b/tests/test-vddk-password-fd.sh
index 1ccaee070..34302e6dd 100755
--- a/tests/test-vddk-password-fd.sh
+++ b/tests/test-vddk-password-fd.sh
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export DUMMY_VDDK_PRINT_PASSWORD=1
 # Password -FD.
 echo 123 > $f
 exec 3< $f
-nbdkit -fv -U - vddk \
+nbdkit -fv vddk \
        libdir=.libs \
        server=noserver.example.com thumbprint=ab \
        vm=novm /nofile \
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ grep "password=123$" $out
 # Password -FD, zero length.
 : > $f
 exec 3< $f
-nbdkit -fv -U - vddk \
+nbdkit -fv vddk \
        libdir=.libs \
        server=noserver.example.com thumbprint=ab \
        vm=novm /nofile \
diff --git a/tests/test-vddk-password-interactive.sh
b/tests/test-vddk-password-interactive.sh
index f9173da7b..5bc740582 100755
--- a/tests/test-vddk-password-interactive.sh
+++ b/tests/test-vddk-password-interactive.sh
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export DUMMY_VDDK_PRINT_PASSWORD=1
 export out
 expect -f - <<'EOF'
   spawn sh -c "
-    nbdkit -fv -U - \
+    nbdkit -fv \
            vddk \
            libdir=.libs \
            server=noserver.example.com thumbprint=ab \
diff --git a/tests/test-vddk-real-create.sh b/tests/test-vddk-real-create.sh
index 422bbcec8..841b1d223 100755
--- a/tests/test-vddk-real-create.sh
+++ b/tests/test-vddk-real-create.sh
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
 size="$($STAT -c %s disk)"
 
-nbdkit -fv -U - vddk libdir="$vddkdir" $vmdk \
+nbdkit -fv vddk libdir="$vddkdir" $vmdk \
        create=true create-size=$size \
        --run 'nbdcopy disk $uri'
 
diff --git a/tests/test-vddk-real.sh b/tests/test-vddk-real.sh
index 667b6fc20..8b06d6722 100755
--- a/tests/test-vddk-real.sh
+++ b/tests/test-vddk-real.sh
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ qemu-img create -f vmdk $vmdk 10M
 # Check first that the VDDK library can be fully loaded.  We have to
 # check the log file for missing modules since they may not show up as
 # errors.
-nbdkit -fv -U - vddk libdir="$vddkdir" $vmdk --run 'nbdinfo
"$uri"' 2>&1 |
+nbdkit -fv vddk libdir="$vddkdir" $vmdk --run 'nbdinfo
"$uri"' 2>&1 |
     tee $log
 
 # Check the log for missing modules
diff --git a/tests/test-vddk-reexec.sh b/tests/test-vddk-reexec.sh
index 939bf1fb3..54a4ec02d 100755
--- a/tests/test-vddk-reexec.sh
+++ b/tests/test-vddk-reexec.sh
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ requires_run
 # uninstalled, our wrapper nbdkit also modifies LD_LIBRARY_PATH, so we
 # need to capture an expected value from what leaks through an
 # innocuous plugin.
-expect_LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$(nbdkit -U - zero --run 'echo
"$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"')
+expect_LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$(nbdkit zero --run 'echo "$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"')
 export expect_LD_LIBRARY_PATH
 
-nbdkit -U - vddk libdir=.libs /dev/null \
+nbdkit vddk libdir=.libs /dev/null \
    --run 'echo "LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
           echo "expect_LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$expect_LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
           test "$LD_LIBRARY_PATH" = "$expect_LD_LIBRARY_PATH"'
diff --git a/tests/test-vddk-run.sh b/tests/test-vddk-run.sh
index 260c94bef..7901e7efa 100755
--- a/tests/test-vddk-run.sh
+++ b/tests/test-vddk-run.sh
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ out=test-vddk-run.out
 rm -f $out
 cleanup_fn rm -f $out
 
-nbdkit -U - vddk libdir=.libs /dev/null --run 'nbdinfo $nbd' > $out
+nbdkit vddk libdir=.libs /dev/null --run 'nbdinfo $nbd' > $out
 cat $out
 
 grep -E 'export-size: 524288\b' $out
diff --git a/tests/test-zero.sh b/tests/test-zero.sh
index 6bd79f80a..78865c9ed 100755
--- a/tests/test-zero.sh
+++ b/tests/test-zero.sh
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ files="test-zero.out"
 rm -f $files
 cleanup_fn rm -f $files
 
-nbdkit -U - zero --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" test-zero.out'
+nbdkit zero --run 'nbdcopy "$uri" test-zero.out'
 
 # Resulting file should be zero-sized.
 test -f test-zero.out
-- 
2.41.0


    

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

[Libguestfs] [PATCH nbdkit 09/10] tests: Remove references to -U - when it is implicit