[nbdkit PATCH 0/4] RFC: Better handling of extents alignment
by Eric Blake
This is in response to https://gitlab.com/nbdkit/libnbd/-/issues/12
where nbdinfo is having a hard time because nbdkit is outputting data
that is not in compliance with the current NBD spec (which states that
if client and server agreed on a minimum blocksize, then extents must
be aligned to that).
I still have more to write:
- add a unit test for the server change at 4G (in addition to the
unit test I got working for blocksize-policy tripping on the same
problem with a much smaller unaligned-size data image)
- libnbd: patch nbdinfo to tolerate unaligned extents from the
server. Even if the spec says its wrong, existing servers in the
wild do it, so we should be tolerant.
- upstream NBD spec: propose weakening the standard from SHALL to
SHOULD provide aligned extents
- blocksize-policy: Consider patches to allow aligned offset but
unaligned length IF the length extends from offset to the end of
the unaligned-size disk. Document that an unaligned tail is hard
to read, and suggest use of the truncate filter to deal with it.
But as this has taken me the better part of today, I wanted to put out
what I have so far.
Eric Blake (4):
human-size: Add human_size_parse_substr
data: Allow scaling suffixes on @decimal
blocksize-policy: Round extents to match minimum alignment
server: Align the truncation of large block_status results
plugins/data/nbdkit-data-plugin.pod | 3 +-
tests/Makefile.am | 2 +
common/include/human-size-test-cases.h | 83 ++++++++++--------
common/include/human-size.h | 57 ++++++++----
common/include/test-human-size.c | 52 +++++++++--
server/protocol.c | 12 ++-
server/test-public.c | 13 +--
plugins/data/format.c | 115 ++++++++++++-------------
filters/blocksize-policy/policy.c | 15 +++-
tests/test-data-format.sh | 8 +-
tests/test-eval-extents.sh | 6 +-
11 files changed, 230 insertions(+), 136 deletions(-)
--
2.49.0
1 month
ANNOUNCE: guestfs-tools 1.54 new stable version
by Richard W.M. Jones
I'm pleased to announce the stable release of guestfs-tools 1.54.
Guestfs tools is a set of command line tools like virt-customize and
virt-edit for inspecting and editing virtual machine disk images.
The release notes for the new version are attached below, or can be
read on line here:
https://libguestfs.org/guestfs-tools-release-notes-1.54.1.html
The releases are available to download from:
https://download.libguestfs.org/guestfs-tools/1.54-stable/
The upstream git repo is:
https://github.com/libguestfs/guestfs-tools
I also added new packages to Fedora >= 41 yesterday (although they
will take a few more days to appear in updates).
Rich.
-----
RELEASE NOTES FOR GUESTFS TOOLS 1.54
These are the release notes for guestfs tools stable release 1.54. This
describes the major changes since 1.52.
Guestfs tools 1.54.0 was released on 21st May 2025.
New repository location
The upstream git repository is now:
https://github.com/libguestfs/guestfs-tools
virt-customize
New --inject-blnsvr which can be used to inject the Windows memory
balloon server into guests.
--inject-virtio-win no longer supports the "osinfo" method (use
libosinfo for virtio-win driver information), as it is no longer
maintained and had got quite out of date. The default method using
virtio-win directory names is more reliable and preferred in all
instances (Cole Robinson).
virt-drivers
Handle large output of the rpm(1) command when listing drivers in some
SUSE guests.
virt-make-fs
Use the file(1) -S option to disable seccomp protection when we also use
the file(1) -z option, as the two options are incompatible and cause
crashes on some Linux distros.
virt-resize
Correct the calculation of the target disk. In some cases with the
--resize option it was not calculated correctly and partition creation
on the target would fail with a confusing error.
We now use stderr consistently for debug messages.
Common changes
Add support for LoongArch (liuxiang from Loongson).
Fix OCaml bytecode builds (Jerry James, Ilya Leoshkevich).
Allow "nbd+unix://" URIs in -a parameters to several tools.
Add a git-publish profile (Kashyap Chamarthy).
Build changes
json-c is now required. This replaces Jansson which was previously used
for parsing JSON input files.
OCaml ≥ 4.08 is now required.
OCaml oUnit is no longer used.
We now assume that "__attribute__((cleanup))" always works. This
requires gcc or Clang.
Add support for GCC 14 and 15.
Some deprecated autoconf macros are no longer used.
Fix some issues when building on macOS (Mohamed Akram).
Internals
The tests were modified to use a set of common functions and remove use
of the weird $TEST_FUNCTIONS macro, similar to how we do it in nbdkit.
Some internal OCaml List and String functions that we used have been
replaced by ones from the OCaml stdlib, reducing code maintenance.
Fix compatibility with GNU gettext 0.25.
Bugs fixed
https://issues.redhat.com/browse/RHEL-32099
Harden grub2-mkconfig to avoid overwriting
/boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg
https://issues.redhat.com/browse/RHEL-67560
Improve the error info when virt-customize options are used for
incompatible guest OS [rhel-9.7]
https://issues.redhat.com/browse/RHEL-67565
Improve the error info when virt-customize options are used for
incompatible guest OS [rhel-10.1]
https://issues.redhat.com/browse/RHEL-77989
CentOS 9 Migration from VMWare to Openshift Virt fails [rhel-9.6]
https://issues.redhat.com/browse/RHEL-80214
virt-drivers fails on opensuse guest if kernel-source is installed
https://github.com/libguestfs/guestfs-tools/issues/16
Issues building on macOS
SEE ALSO
http://libguestfs.org/
AUTHORS
Jerry James
Kashyap Chamarthy
Richard W.M. Jones
liuxiang
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2009-2025 Red Hat Inc.
--
Richard Jones, Virtualization Group, Red Hat http://people.redhat.com/~rjones
Read my programming and virtualization blog: http://rwmj.wordpress.com
virt-p2v converts physical machines to virtual machines. Boot with a
live CD or over the network (PXE) and turn machines into KVM guests.
http://libguestfs.org/virt-v2v
1 month, 1 week
[nbdkit PATCH v2 0/2] Fix two assertion failures on large block size
by Eric Blake
Still waiting on Red Hat's security team to decide if these get CVE
designations, but at this point, we consider the impact to be low
enough severity (easy to avoid if your server rejects malicious
clients by the use of TLS) and related enough that there is no longer
any need to embargo the second one.
I'll wait a bit longer to apply, to provide time to update the subject
lines according to whether we get CVEs assigned.
Eric Blake (2):
server: Fix off-by-one for maximum block_status length [CVE-XXX]
blocksize: Fix 32-bit overflow in .extents [CVE-XXXX]
tests/Makefile.am | 4 ++
server/protocol.c | 2 +-
filters/blocksize/blocksize.c | 5 +-
tests/test-blocksize-extents-overflow.sh | 83 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
tests/test-eval-extents.sh | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++
5 files changed, 162 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
create mode 100755 tests/test-blocksize-extents-overflow.sh
create mode 100755 tests/test-eval-extents.sh
--
2.49.0
1 month, 1 week
[nbdkit PATCH] ext2: Support concurrent connections
by Eric Blake
Instead of serializing connections (which in turn serializes requests
because it is unsafe to open more than one handle into the filesystem
at the same time), use the recently-added APIs to open the filesystem
during .after_fork, then use the fact that ext2 code then supports
parallel access to files within the single system handle. Still, even
if the underlying plugin accepts parallel actions, we serialize
because e2fsprogs is not re-entrant.
---
Given the recent discussion on the openonce filter, I dug up and
polished this old patch I had on the ext2 filter (I had started it in
2021, then abandoned it at the time when I couldn't figure out why it
was not multi-conn consistent; but now I know it is because of a
limitation in e2fsprogs).
tests/Makefile.am | 4 +-
filters/ext2/ext2.c | 225 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
tests/test-ext2-parallel.sh | 105 +++++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 244 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)
create mode 100755 tests/test-ext2-parallel.sh
diff --git a/tests/Makefile.am b/tests/Makefile.am
index 7a7f6d37..63730821 100644
--- a/tests/Makefile.am
+++ b/tests/Makefile.am
@@ -1835,8 +1835,8 @@ test_ext2_SOURCES = test-ext2.c test.h
test_ext2_CFLAGS = $(WARNINGS_CFLAGS) $(LIBGUESTFS_CFLAGS)
test_ext2_LDADD = libtest.la $(LIBGUESTFS_LIBS)
-TESTS += test-ext2-exportname.sh
-EXTRA_DIST += test-ext2-exportname.sh
+TESTS += test-ext2-exportname.sh test-ext2-parallel.sh
+EXTRA_DIST += test-ext2-exportname.sh test-ext2-parallel.sh
check_DATA += ext2.img
CLEANFILES += ext2.img
diff --git a/filters/ext2/ext2.c b/filters/ext2/ext2.c
index fb564c65..492740cd 100644
--- a/filters/ext2/ext2.c
+++ b/filters/ext2/ext2.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
/* Inlining is broken in the ext2fs header file. Disable it by
* defining the following:
@@ -55,6 +56,14 @@
*/
static const char *file;
+/* Filesystem handle, shared between all client connections. */
+static ext2_filsys fs;
+
+/* Plugin access shared between all client connections, and doubles as
+ * the "name" parameter for ext2fs_open.
+ */
+static nbdkit_next *plugin;
+
static void
ext2_load (void)
{
@@ -89,7 +98,8 @@ ext2_config_complete (nbdkit_next_config_complete *next, nbdkit_backend *nxdata)
if (strcmp (file, "exportname") == 0)
file = NULL;
else if (file[0] != '/') {
- nbdkit_error ("the file parameter must refer to an absolute path");
+ nbdkit_error ("the file parameter must be 'exportname' or refer to "
+ "an absolute path");
return -1;
}
@@ -100,13 +110,87 @@ ext2_config_complete (nbdkit_next_config_complete *next, nbdkit_backend *nxdata)
"ext2file=<FILENAME> (required) Absolute name of file to serve inside\n" \
" the disk image, or 'exportname' for client choice."
+/* Opening more than one instance of the filesystem in parallel is a
+ * recipe for disaster, so instead we open a single instance during
+ * after_fork to share among all client connections.
+ */
+static int
+ext2_after_fork (nbdkit_backend *nxdata)
+{
+ CLEANUP_FREE char *name = NULL;
+ int fs_flags;
+ int64_t r;
+ errcode_t err;
+
+ /* It would be desirable for ‘nbdkit -r’ to behave the same way as
+ * ‘mount -o ro’. But we don't know the state of the readonly flag
+ * until ext2_open is called, so for now we can't do that. We could
+ * add a knob during .config if desired; but until then, we blindly
+ * request write access to the underlying plugin, for journal
+ * replay.
+ *
+ * Similarly, there is no sane way to pass the client's exportname
+ * through to the plugin (whether or not .config was set to serve a
+ * single file or to let the client choose by exportname), so
+ * blindly ask for "" and rely on the plugin's default.
+ */
+ plugin = nbdkit_next_context_open (nxdata, 0, "", true);
+ if (plugin == NULL) {
+ nbdkit_error ("unable to open plugin");
+ return -1;
+ }
+ if (plugin->prepare (plugin) == -1)
+ goto fail;
+
+ fs_flags = 0;
+#ifdef EXT2_FLAG_64BITS
+ fs_flags |= EXT2_FLAG_64BITS;
+#endif
+ r = plugin->get_size (plugin);
+ if (r == -1)
+ goto fail;
+ /* XXX See note above about a knob for read-only */
+ r = plugin->can_write (plugin);
+ if (r == -1)
+ goto fail;
+ if (r == 1)
+ fs_flags |= EXT2_FLAG_RW;
+
+ name = nbdkit_io_encode (plugin);
+ if (!name) {
+ nbdkit_error ("nbdkit_io_encode: %m");
+ goto fail;
+ }
+
+ err = ext2fs_open (name, fs_flags, 0, 0, nbdkit_io_manager, &fs);
+ if (err != 0) {
+ nbdkit_error ("open: %s", error_message (err));
+ goto fail;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+
+ fail:
+ plugin->finalize (plugin);
+ nbdkit_next_context_close (plugin);
+ return -1;
+}
+
+static void
+ext2_cleanup (nbdkit_backend *nxdata)
+{
+ if (fs)
+ ext2fs_close (fs);
+ plugin->finalize (plugin);
+ nbdkit_next_context_close (plugin);
+}
+
/* The per-connection handle. */
struct handle {
const char *exportname; /* Client export name. */
- ext2_filsys fs; /* Filesystem handle. */
ext2_ino_t ino; /* Inode of open file. */
ext2_file_t file; /* File handle. */
- nbdkit_next *next; /* "name" parameter to ext2fs_open. */
+ nbdkit_context *context; /* Access to the filter context. */
};
/* Export list. */
@@ -117,18 +201,17 @@ ext2_list_exports (nbdkit_next_list_exports *next, nbdkit_backend *nxdata,
/* If we are honoring export names, the default export "" won't
* work, and we must not leak export names from the underlying
* plugin. Advertising all filenames within the ext2 image could be
- * huge, and even if we wanted to, it would require that we could
- * open the plugin prior to the client reaching our .open. So leave
- * the list empty instead.
+ * huge, although we could do it if we wanted to since the
+ * filesystem was already opened in .after_fork.
*/
if (!file)
return 0;
/* If we are serving a specific ext2file, we don't care what export
- * name the user passes, but the underlying plugin might; there's no
- * harm in advertising that list.
+ * name the user passes, but it's too late to pass that on to the
+ * underlying plugin, so advertise just "".
*/
- return next (nxdata, readonly, exports);
+ return nbdkit_use_default_export (exports);
}
/* Default export. */
@@ -170,17 +253,7 @@ ext2_open (nbdkit_next_open *next, nbdkit_context *nxdata,
return NULL;
}
- /* If file == NULL (ie. using exportname) then don't
- * pass the client exportname to the lower layers.
- */
- exportname = file ? exportname : "";
-
- /* Request write access to the underlying plugin, for journal replay. */
- if (next (nxdata, 0, exportname) == -1) {
- free (h);
- return NULL;
- }
-
+ h->context = nxdata;
return h;
}
@@ -189,36 +262,12 @@ ext2_prepare (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle, int readonly)
{
struct handle *h = handle;
errcode_t err;
- int fs_flags;
int file_flags;
struct ext2_inode inode;
- int64_t r;
CLEANUP_FREE char *name = NULL;
const char *fname = file ?: h->exportname;
CLEANUP_FREE char *absname = NULL;
-
- fs_flags = 0;
-#ifdef EXT2_FLAG_64BITS
- fs_flags |= EXT2_FLAG_64BITS;
-#endif
- r = next->get_size (next);
- if (r == -1)
- return -1;
- r = next->can_write (next);
- if (r == -1)
- return -1;
- if (r == 0)
- readonly = 1;
-
- if (!readonly)
- fs_flags |= EXT2_FLAG_RW;
-
- h->next = next;
- name = nbdkit_io_encode (next);
- if (!name) {
- nbdkit_error ("nbdkit_io_encode: %m");
- return -1;
- }
+ nbdkit_next *old;
if (fname[0] != '/') {
if (asprintf (&absname, "/%s", fname) < 0) {
@@ -228,53 +277,58 @@ ext2_prepare (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle, int readonly)
fname = absname;
}
- err = ext2fs_open (name, fs_flags, 0, 0, nbdkit_io_manager, &h->fs);
- if (err != 0) {
- nbdkit_error ("open: %s", error_message (err));
- goto err0;
- }
-
if (strcmp (fname, "/") == 0)
/* probably gonna fail, but we'll catch it later */
h->ino = EXT2_ROOT_INO;
else {
- err = ext2fs_namei (h->fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, EXT2_ROOT_INO,
+ err = ext2fs_namei (fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, EXT2_ROOT_INO,
&fname[1], &h->ino);
if (err != 0) {
nbdkit_error ("%s: namei: %s", fname, error_message (err));
- goto err1;
+ return -1;
}
}
/* Check that fname is a regular file.
* XXX This won't follow symlinks, we'd have to do that manually.
*/
- err = ext2fs_read_inode (h->fs, h->ino, &inode);
+ err = ext2fs_read_inode (fs, h->ino, &inode);
if (err != 0) {
nbdkit_error ("%s: inode: %s", fname, error_message (err));
- goto err1;
+ return -1;
}
if (!LINUX_S_ISREG (inode.i_mode)) {
nbdkit_error ("%s: must be a regular file in the disk image", fname);
- goto err1;
+ return -1;
}
file_flags = 0;
if (!readonly)
file_flags |= EXT2_FILE_WRITE;
- err = ext2fs_file_open2 (h->fs, h->ino, NULL, file_flags, &h->file);
+ err = ext2fs_file_open2 (fs, h->ino, NULL, file_flags, &h->file);
if (err != 0) {
nbdkit_error ("%s: open: %s", fname, error_message (err));
- goto err1;
+ return -1;
}
+ /* Associate our shared backend with this connection, so we don't
+ * have to override every single callback function.
+ */
+ old = nbdkit_context_set_next (h->context, plugin);
+ assert (old == NULL);
return 0;
+}
- err1:
- ext2fs_close (h->fs);
- h->fs = NULL;
- err0:
- return -1;
+static int
+ext2_finalize (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle)
+{
+ struct handle *h = handle;
+ nbdkit_next *old;
+
+ /* Ensure our shared plugin handle survives past this connection. */
+ old = nbdkit_context_set_next (h->context, NULL);
+ assert (old == next);
+ return 0;
}
/* Free up the per-connection handle. */
@@ -283,10 +337,8 @@ ext2_close (void *handle)
{
struct handle *h = handle;
- if (h->fs) {
+ if (h->file)
ext2fs_file_close (h->file);
- ext2fs_close (h->fs);
- }
free (h);
}
@@ -306,12 +358,10 @@ ext2_can_cache (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle)
static int
ext2_can_multi_conn (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle)
{
- /* Since we do not permit parallel connections, it does not matter
- * what we advertise here, and we could just as easily inherit the
- * plugin's .can_multi_conn. But realistically, if we adjust
- * .thread_model, we cannot advertise support unless .flush is
- * consistent, and that would require inspecting the ext2 source
- * code, so for now, we hard-code a safe answer.
+ /* Although we permit parallel client connections multiplexed into
+ * the single shared filesystem handle, we absolutely know that ext2
+ * does not share caches between separate opens of the same inode.
+ * Hard-code the only correct answer.
*/
return 0;
}
@@ -324,7 +374,7 @@ ext2_can_flush (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle)
* plugin ability, since ext2 wants to flush the filesystem into
* permanent storage when possible.
*/
- if (next->can_flush (next) == -1)
+ if (plugin->can_flush (plugin) == -1)
return -1;
return 1;
}
@@ -340,7 +390,7 @@ ext2_can_zero (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle)
* though we don't implement .zero, the file system wants to know if
* it can use next->zero() during io_zeroout.
*/
- if (next->can_zero (next) == -1)
+ if (plugin->can_zero (plugin) == -1)
return -1;
return NBDKIT_ZERO_EMULATE;
}
@@ -353,26 +403,22 @@ ext2_can_trim (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle)
* implement .trim, the file system wants to know if it can use
* next->trim() during io_discard.
*/
- if (next->can_trim (next) == -1)
+ if (plugin->can_trim (plugin) == -1)
return -1;
return 0;
}
-/* It might be possible to relax this, but it's complicated.
- *
- * It's desirable for ‘nbdkit -r’ to behave the same way as
- * ‘mount -o ro’. But we don't know the state of the readonly flag
- * until ext2_open is called (because the NBD client can also request
- * a readonly connection). So we could not set the "ro" flag if we
- * opened the filesystem any earlier (eg in ext2_config).
- *
- * So out of necessity we have one ext2_filsys handle per connection,
- * but if we allowed parallel work on those handles then we would get
- * data corruption, so we need to serialize connections.
+/* ext2 is generally not re-entrant; even if the underlying plugin
+ * supports parallel actions, at most one thread should be
+ * manipulating the ext2 filesystem. Since multiple clients are
+ * sharing the same common handle into the plugin, this tells nbdkit
+ * to execute only one action at a time.
*/
static int ext2_thread_model (int next_thread_model)
{
- return NBDKIT_THREAD_MODEL_SERIALIZE_CONNECTIONS;
+ if (next_thread_model == NBDKIT_THREAD_MODEL_SERIALIZE_CONNECTIONS)
+ return next_thread_model;
+ return NBDKIT_THREAD_MODEL_SERIALIZE_ALL_REQUESTS;
}
/* Description. */
@@ -382,7 +428,7 @@ ext2_export_description (nbdkit_next *next, void *handle)
struct handle *h = handle;
const char *fname = file ?: h->exportname;
const char *slash = fname[0] == '/' ? "" : "/";
- const char *base = next->export_description (next);
+ const char *base = plugin->export_description (plugin);
if (!base)
return NULL;
@@ -510,10 +556,13 @@ static struct nbdkit_filter filter = {
.config_complete = ext2_config_complete,
.config_help = ext2_config_help,
.thread_model = ext2_thread_model,
+ .after_fork = ext2_after_fork,
+ .cleanup = ext2_cleanup,
.list_exports = ext2_list_exports,
.default_export = ext2_default_export,
.open = ext2_open,
.prepare = ext2_prepare,
+ .finalize = ext2_finalize,
.close = ext2_close,
.can_fua = ext2_can_fua,
.can_cache = ext2_can_cache,
diff --git a/tests/test-ext2-parallel.sh b/tests/test-ext2-parallel.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..62dc10a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test-ext2-parallel.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# nbdkit
+# Copyright (C) Red Hat Inc.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#
+# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+#
+# * Neither the name of Red Hat nor the names of its contributors may be
+# used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+# specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY RED HAT AND CONTRIBUTORS ''AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+# THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+# PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL RED HAT OR
+# CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF
+# USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+# ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+# OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
+# OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+source ./functions.sh
+set -e
+set -x
+
+requires_plugin file
+requires nbdsh
+requires guestfish --version
+
+sock=$(mktemp -u /tmp/nbdkit-test-sock.XXXXXX)
+files="$sock ext2-parallel.pid ext2-parallel.out ext2-parallel.err \
+ext2-parallel.img"
+rm -f $files
+cleanup_fn rm -f $files
+
+# Create an image with two writable files
+guestfish \
+ sparse ext2-parallel.img 10M : \
+ run : \
+ mkfs ext4 /dev/sda : \
+ mount /dev/sda / : \
+ write /one hello : \
+ write /two goodbye
+
+# Set up a long-running server responsive to the client's export name
+start_nbdkit -P ext2-parallel.pid -U $sock --filter=ext2 \
+ file ext2-parallel.img ext2file=exportname
+
+# Demonstrate 3 clients with parallel connections (but interleaved actions):
+# first reads from /one,
+# second writes to /one,
+# third reads from /two
+# second flushes
+# first reads updated /one
+export sock
+nbdsh -c '
+import os
+sock = os.getenv("sock")
+
+h1 = nbd.NBD()
+h1.set_export_name("/one")
+h1.connect_unix(sock)
+
+h2 = nbd.NBD()
+h2.set_export_name("/one")
+h2.connect_unix(sock)
+
+h3 = nbd.NBD()
+h3.set_export_name("/two")
+h3.connect_unix(sock)
+
+buf1 = h1.pread(5, 0)
+assert buf1 == b"hello"
+h2.pwrite(b"world", 0)
+buf3 = h3.pread(7, 0)
+assert buf3 == b"goodbye"
+h2.flush()
+
+# Even with the flush, two handles visiting the same inodes do not share
+# a cache. A new handle sees the updated inode content...
+h4 = nbd.NBD()
+h4.set_export_name("/one")
+h4.connect_unix(sock)
+buf4 = h4.pread(5, 0)
+assert buf4 == b"world"
+# ...but the older handle still sees old data.
+buf1 = h1.pread(5, 0)
+assert buf1 == b"hello"
+
+h1.shutdown()
+h2.shutdown()
+h3.shutdown()
+h4.shutdown()
+'
--
2.49.0
1 month, 2 weeks
